The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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advertisement is very insecure, makes journalists and mediavulnerable to influence from companies and/or governments. Insuch cases, foreign investment in media might help to stabilizethe financial situation, thus giving more room for editorial independenceand investigative journalism, as long as the editorialindependence <strong>of</strong> the local journalists is guaranteed. Principles forGuaranteeing Editorial Independence, as proposed by myself earlierthis year, could be a means to achieve this independence.Censorship can have many different faces, for example,structural censorship coming from media concentration. But inthe end all different kinds <strong>of</strong> censorship fall back to the individualjournalist and his daily work.European journalistic media have experienced some fundamentalchanges over the past decade. <strong>The</strong> regime changes inEastern and South-Eastern Europe were decisive for the historicallyunique chance to create a Europe wide network <strong>of</strong>free, independent and pluralistic media. At the same time theopening <strong>of</strong> those markets has accelerated the trend <strong>of</strong> mediaconcentration all over Europe. This has been particularly evidentin the print media sector.<strong>The</strong> researchers <strong>of</strong> this study sent out questionnaires tojournalists <strong>of</strong> daily newspapers in eight different countries t<strong>of</strong>ind out how their daily work has changed and what their attitudetowards foreign investment and other developments inthe field <strong>of</strong> print media is.10 PREFACE
Introductionby Johannes von Dohnanyiand Christian MöllerEconomic concentration has long been acknowledged as one<strong>of</strong> the main threats to media pluralism and diversity. Scientificresearch into structural deficiencies on individual company levelas well as general market conditions which favour concentrationprocesses has consequently been extensive. Little, however,is known about the impact <strong>of</strong> media concentration on individualjournalists and on the quality <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalismas a whole. It is only thanks to the initiative <strong>of</strong> the OSCE Representativeon Freedom <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Media</strong> that at least parts <strong>of</strong> thisknowledge gap can be considered as closed.This study deals with concentration trends in the dailynewspaper markets and their impact on pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalismin eight selected OSCE participating States. Of these, Finland,Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are fully fledgedEU Member States. Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Romaniafall into the categories <strong>of</strong> acceding respectively Applicant Statesto the European Union.<strong>The</strong> country selection followed neither “political gossip”nor prejudicial colportage by the media over the level <strong>of</strong> mediaconcentration or the state <strong>of</strong> Press Freedoms in this or anotherOSCE participating State. <strong>The</strong> sample was not meant to show“good” or “bad” examples on how to or how not to deal withthe ever present temptations <strong>of</strong> concentration. At the dawn<strong>of</strong> an enlarged European Union the researchers’ sole intentionwas to analyse future risks and opportunities for a Europeandaily newspaper industry, whose level <strong>of</strong> independence andprotection from unduly interferences from state authorities orJOHANNES VON DOHNANYI AND CHRISTIAN MÖLLER 11
Page 3 and 4: REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
Page 7: 6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
Page 12 and 13: industrial lobbying groups still di
Page 15 and 16: 1. The Imp
Page 17 and 18: sidents” had been imprisoned. “
Page 19 and 20: determined Freedom of</stro
Page 21 and 22: co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
Page 23 and 24: Such independence, however, comes a
Page 25 and 26: and mirror of the
Page 27 and 28: 30 million rely exclusively on info
Page 29 and 30: Unchecked, concentration will reduc
Page 31 and 32: protected, a certain level
Page 33 and 34: indication of the
Page 35 and 36: time, as the concept of</st
Page 37 and 38: It appears, however, that this posi
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
Page 41 and 42: owns or controls not only the three
Page 43 and 44: Target countries sometimes interpre
Page 45 and 46: independence proposed by the OSCE R
Page 47 and 48: groups to grow. And there is the in
Page 49 and 50: areas of Central a
Page 51 and 52: Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
Page 53 and 54: Yet this simple notion appears to b
Page 55 and 56: newspaper firms. Using the argument
Page 57 and 58: a contribution to democratization a
Page 59: tation of this for
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This limitation in no way indicates
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press is ridiculous. Journalists co
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But these progressive aspects <stro
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Nevertheless, the loss of</
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may well be true for journalists fr
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Is there a works council at your ne
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will go to television, this being t
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Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
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Good relations with the business co
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Further, how can a newspaper, whose
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Service for civil society (%) Fig.
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The Norwegian medi
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Have you ever been put under pressu
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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4. Number of Title
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5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
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Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
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publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
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A three directional strategy is wha
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5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
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Cross-ownership has also increased
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Understandably all German journalis
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As also seen in Germany, the data p
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5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
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Newspaper chains were the logical r
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5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
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• Daily Mail and General Trust: D
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Is there a works council at your ne
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131:
Page 134 and 135:
Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
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As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139:
Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
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5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
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of those mini-comp
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for example, is very clear on this
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5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
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portfolio. In addition, as democrat
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Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
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5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
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is quite remarkable. The</s
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Lithuania is a small country with a
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Another tendency is that newspapers
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Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
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October 22 2003 was an historic dat
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5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
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y a mostly anonymous to the general
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On a daily, practical basis there
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
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so-called “human interest” stor
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indicated that Rodipet applies a di
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5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
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12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
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Strengthening of d
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
emerging CEE countries with regard
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- Create in all OSCE participating
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Organization for Security and Co-op
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1. In which country are you working
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17. Who defines the editorial line
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29. How would you describe the situ
Page 201 and 202:
- This common code of</stro
Page 203 and 204:
Personal and business interestsIt i
Page 205:
Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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