The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1Men 35.3Women 25.6MHS (Main Household Shopper) 27.7Source: World Association <strong>of</strong> Newspapers (2003) World Press Trends 2003.A 17.6 per cent share <strong>of</strong> the largest Hungarian broadsheet, Nepszabadsag(198,000) 86 , is held by the German Bertelsmann Groupthrough Gruner + Jahr. This paper is owned within a joint venturewith Axel Springer and Ringier. Bertelsmann also owns 49per cent <strong>of</strong> the leading commercial television station in Hungary,RTL Klub, that was launched in 1997 by the RTL group just afterthe market was partly liberalized and national frequencies weresold to private companies. 87Axel Springer also is very active in the Hungarian market.While its main focus is magazine publishing, Springer still haseight daily regional titles and one Sunday title with a circulationbetween 20,000 and 50,000 each. 88 Springer is also involved ina joint venture with Bertelsmann and Ringier regarding thedaily Nepszabadsag.<strong>The</strong> German media group WAZ also publishes five dailiesin Hungary, but the dominant player is the Swiss publishinggroup Ringier. 89 It publishes Blikk (208,000), the second dailynewspaper, Vasarnapi Blikk (180,000), which is a Sunday paper,as well as the old-established daily sports paper Nemzeti Sport(65,000), the third placed daily newspaper. Ringier also ownsthe Hungarian quality paper Magyar Hirlap (38,000) and has animportant level <strong>of</strong> participation in the leading newspaper Nepszabadsagin a joint venture with Axel Springer and Bertelsmann.90134 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
While the broadcasting market was liberalized from 1997 on,in the print sector, significant ownership changes took place ina relatively short period <strong>of</strong> time following the fall <strong>of</strong> the communistregime. Foreign media ownership became a dominantfactor in the sector by the end <strong>of</strong> the 1990s. 91Status <strong>of</strong> Journalism in Hungaryby Péter Bajomi-Lázár, Department <strong>of</strong> Communication,Kodolanyi University College<strong>The</strong> Hungarian press and media have undergone significantchanges over the past 15 years, marked with the privatization<strong>of</strong> the press and media; a varying degree <strong>of</strong> politicalpressure on, especially, the public service media; financialdifficulties <strong>of</strong> the press; lowering social prestige <strong>of</strong> the journalisticcommunity; and changing standards <strong>of</strong> journalism.This paper describes the major issues <strong>of</strong> contemporary journalismin Hungary.Legal Background<strong>The</strong> Hungarian press and media are regulated by two majorsources <strong>of</strong> law, namely the 1986 Press Act, as modified in1990, and the 1996 Radio and Television Act, amended in2002. <strong>The</strong> first, which primarily regulates the print press,is relatively liberal, the second, which regulates the broadcastmedia, is more restrictive; both laws are now largelycompatible with European regulation.86 World Association <strong>of</strong> Newspapers, World Press Trends 2003 (2003) 135.87 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, Eastern Empires. Foreign Ownership in Central andEastern European <strong>Media</strong>: Ownership, Policy Issues and Strategies (EFJ, Brussels, 2003) 33.88 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, Eastern Empires. Foreign Ownership in Central andEastern European <strong>Media</strong>: Ownership, Policy Issues and Strategies (EFJ, Brussels, 2003) 34.89 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, European <strong>Media</strong> Ownership: Threats on the Landscape.A Survey <strong>of</strong> who owns what in Europe (EFJ, Brussels, 2002) 21.90 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, Eastern Empires. Foreign Ownership in Central andEastern European <strong>Media</strong>: Ownership, Policy Issues and Strategies (EFJ, Brussels, 2003) 36.91 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, Eastern Empires. Foreign Ownership in Central andEastern European <strong>Media</strong>: Ownership, Policy Issues and Strategies (EFJ, Brussels, 2003) 37.COUNTRY REPORTS – HUNGARY 135
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REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
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ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
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6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
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advertisement is very insecure, mak
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industrial lobbying groups still di
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1. The Imp
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sidents” had been imprisoned. “
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determined Freedom of</stro
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co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
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Such independence, however, comes a
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and mirror of the
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30 million rely exclusively on info
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Unchecked, concentration will reduc
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protected, a certain level
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indication of the
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time, as the concept of</st
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It appears, however, that this posi
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1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
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owns or controls not only the three
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Target countries sometimes interpre
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independence proposed by the OSCE R
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groups to grow. And there is the in
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areas of Central a
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Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
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Yet this simple notion appears to b
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newspaper firms. Using the argument
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a contribution to democratization a
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tation of this for
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This limitation in no way indicates
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press is ridiculous. Journalists co
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But these progressive aspects <stro
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Nevertheless, the loss of</
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may well be true for journalists fr
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Is there a works council at your ne
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will go to television, this being t
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Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
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Good relations with the business co
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Further, how can a newspaper, whose
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Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85: The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87: Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 91 and 92: 4. Number of Title
Page 93 and 94: 5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95 and 96: Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 97 and 98: publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
Page 99 and 100: A three directional strategy is wha
Page 101 and 102: 5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
Page 103 and 104: Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 105 and 106: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234515,
Page 107 and 108: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 109 and 110: Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 113 and 114: As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116: 5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
Page 117 and 118: Newspaper chains were the logical r
Page 119 and 120: 5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
Page 121 and 122: • Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 123 and 124: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 125 and 126: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 127 and 128: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 129 and 130: Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 136 and 137: As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139: Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141: 5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143: of those mini-comp
Page 144 and 145: for example, is very clear on this
Page 146 and 147: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 40.1M
Page 148 and 149: 5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
Page 150 and 151: portfolio. In addition, as democrat
Page 152 and 153: Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
Page 154 and 155: 5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
Page 156 and 157: is quite remarkable. The</s
Page 158 and 159: Lithuania is a small country with a
Page 160 and 161: Another tendency is that newspapers
Page 162 and 163: Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
Page 164 and 165: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 31.7M
Page 166 and 167: October 22 2003 was an historic dat
Page 168 and 169: 5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
Page 170 and 171: y a mostly anonymous to the general
Page 172 and 173: On a daily, practical basis there
Page 174 and 175: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
Page 176 and 177: so-called “human interest” stor
Page 178 and 179: indicated that Rodipet applies a di
Page 180 and 181: 5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
Page 182 and 183: 12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
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Strengthening of d
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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emerging CEE countries with regard
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- Create in all OSCE participating
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Organization for Security and Co-op
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1. In which country are you working
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17. Who defines the editorial line
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29. How would you describe the situ
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- This common code of</stro
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Personal and business interestsIt i
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Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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