The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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in Hungary, but its main focus is magazine publishing. 72 It publishes16 magazines in Hungary, 14 in Poland and 8 in Romaniabut it is active in other CEE countries as well. 73Social democrat-originated Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung(WAZ) expanded through acquisitions <strong>of</strong> regional papers inGermany and post-1989 in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).<strong>The</strong> group consists <strong>of</strong> more than 130 newspapers. <strong>The</strong> WAZgroup is the second largest German publishing house afterSpringer and publishes 28 daily newspapers with a total circulation<strong>of</strong> 4.3 million. It also has interests in 25 newspapers and50 magazines in CEE, e.g. in Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania (51 percent stake in the daily Trustul des Presa National, 50 per centstake in Romania Libre), and Hungary, where WAZ publishes5 dailies. 74Another German publishing group, Passauer Neue Presse(PNP), hasn’t received much attention, but is expandingstrongly towards Eastern Europe. From 1990 on the companystarted to acquire regional newspapers in the Czech Republicand by 2001 controlled nearly 100 per cent <strong>of</strong> the regionalnewspaper market and part <strong>of</strong> the national market through theacquisition <strong>of</strong> two national dailies Slovo and ZN Zemske Noviny.PNP also expanded into Poland in 1994, acquiring regionaldailies and founding the regional title Polskapresse. Since 1999they have also been active in Slovakia. 75<strong>The</strong> ongoing discussion about the merger <strong>of</strong> two majordailies in the capital Berlin, Holtzbrinck owned Tagesspiegeland Gruner+Jahr’s Berliner Zeitung, may serve as a good examplefor the struggle for market shares. <strong>The</strong> publishing houseHoltzbrinck wanted to take over Berliner Zeitung, but the mergerwas blocked by the German Federal Office <strong>of</strong> Monopoly Controlbecause <strong>of</strong> concerns that one company controlling bothtitles would dominate the Berlin newspaper market. Another96 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag feared that it would have todiscontinue their national daily Welt once the two Berlin newspaperswould merge. Holtzbrinck used their right to appeal tothe Federal Ministry <strong>of</strong> Economy. However, before the ministerialdecision the Tagesspiegel was sold to a former Holtzbrinckmanager who is claimed to be an independent actor, whereascritics voice the opinion that he is just a front man in this deal.Position <strong>of</strong> ver.diby Ulrike Maercks-Franzen and Holger WenkEspecially compared to Central and Eastern Europe, Germanyhas long been considered “media’s paradise”. From the riverRhine to the Oder, from the northern seas to the Alps, realistsconcede highly desirable conditions at least regarding workingconditions and media pluralism. Almost 200 local, regionalor national daily newspapers are printed in more then 130publishing houses. German print media reach nearly 80 percent <strong>of</strong> all households. This puts Germany within in the toprange worldwide.Rights and duties <strong>of</strong> publishers and journalists alike areregulated by each Land <strong>of</strong> the German Federation by its ownmedia laws. Legal courts <strong>of</strong> all levels consider Freedom <strong>of</strong>Opinion and Freedom <strong>of</strong> the Press, as regulated by Art. 5 <strong>of</strong>the German constitution, <strong>of</strong> the utmost importance. To avoidstate regulation or even censorship the media are governed bya common press council which can be addressed by each citizen.Even the fact that Germany has neither a law governing72 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, European <strong>Media</strong> Ownership: Threats on theLandscape. A Survey <strong>of</strong> who owns what in Europe (EFJ, Brussels, 2002) 19.73 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, Eastern Empires. Foreign Ownership in Central andEastern European <strong>Media</strong>: Ownership, Policy Issues and Strategies (EFJ, Brussels, 2003) 8.74 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, European <strong>Media</strong> Ownership: Threats on theLandscape. A Survey <strong>of</strong> who owns what in Europe (EFJ, Brussels 2002) 20.75 European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists, European <strong>Media</strong> Ownership: Threats on theLandscape. A Survey <strong>of</strong> who owns what in Europe (EFJ,Brussels, 2002) 4.COUNTRY REPORTS – GERMANY 97
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REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
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ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
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6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
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advertisement is very insecure, mak
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industrial lobbying groups still di
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1. The Imp
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sidents” had been imprisoned. “
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determined Freedom of</stro
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co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
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Such independence, however, comes a
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and mirror of the
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30 million rely exclusively on info
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Unchecked, concentration will reduc
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protected, a certain level
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indication of the
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time, as the concept of</st
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It appears, however, that this posi
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1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
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owns or controls not only the three
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Target countries sometimes interpre
Page 45 and 46: independence proposed by the OSCE R
Page 47 and 48: groups to grow. And there is the in
Page 49 and 50: areas of Central a
Page 51 and 52: Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
Page 53 and 54: Yet this simple notion appears to b
Page 55 and 56: newspaper firms. Using the argument
Page 57 and 58: a contribution to democratization a
Page 59: tation of this for
Page 62 and 63: This limitation in no way indicates
Page 64 and 65: press is ridiculous. Journalists co
Page 66 and 67: But these progressive aspects <stro
Page 68 and 69: Nevertheless, the loss of</
Page 70 and 71: may well be true for journalists fr
Page 72 and 73: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 74 and 75: will go to television, this being t
Page 76 and 77: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 78 and 79: Good relations with the business co
Page 80 and 81: Further, how can a newspaper, whose
Page 82 and 83: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85: The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87: Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 91 and 92: 4. Number of Title
Page 93 and 94: 5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95: Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 99 and 100: A three directional strategy is wha
Page 101 and 102: 5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
Page 103 and 104: Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 109 and 110: Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 113 and 114: As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116: 5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
Page 117 and 118: Newspaper chains were the logical r
Page 119 and 120: 5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
Page 121 and 122: • Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 123 and 124: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 129 and 130: Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 134 and 135: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
Page 136 and 137: As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139: Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141: 5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143: of those mini-comp
Page 144 and 145: for example, is very clear on this
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 40.1M
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5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
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portfolio. In addition, as democrat
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Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
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5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
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is quite remarkable. The</s
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Lithuania is a small country with a
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Another tendency is that newspapers
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Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 31.7M
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October 22 2003 was an historic dat
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5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
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y a mostly anonymous to the general
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On a daily, practical basis there
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
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so-called “human interest” stor
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indicated that Rodipet applies a di
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5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
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12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
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Strengthening of d
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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emerging CEE countries with regard
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- Create in all OSCE participating
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Organization for Security and Co-op
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1. In which country are you working
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17. Who defines the editorial line
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29. How would you describe the situ
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- This common code of</stro
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Personal and business interestsIt i
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Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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