The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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5.3.2 Survey Results<strong>The</strong> United Kingdom, as one <strong>of</strong> the world’s oldest democraciesfunctions along a well established system <strong>of</strong> institutions, proceduresand unwritten rules. Even the Constitution has neverbeen put in writing.Accordingly, the British media system is not to be comparedwith any continental European model.Undoubtedly, the British media system has always been regulatedto a much lesser degree than the continental media. Sincethe introduction <strong>of</strong> a new media law in 2003 the UK enjoys themost liberalized and open media market <strong>of</strong> the European Union.Ownership concentration, already at a high level, has thusreceived new incentives, according to the government’s convictionthat only financially strong newspaper groups will be able tocompete on an ever more globalized media market. Cross-ownershipbarriers, which were among the lowest in Europe in thepast, have been further alleviated to foster the creation <strong>of</strong> British,globally operating media giants. As the first member <strong>of</strong> the EuropeanUnion, London has opened its market to 100 per cent ownership<strong>of</strong> British media by foreign media conglomerates.Born out <strong>of</strong> the long standing cultural tradition <strong>of</strong> Freedom<strong>of</strong> opinion and expression, British newspaper journalists,including those working with quality papers, have alwaysbeen considered as unruly and aggressively partisan. In comparison,British broadcasters have an international reputationas being neutral and impartial.To counter the economic liberalism enjoyed by the owners,British journalism used to be highly unionised. It was Thatcherismthat broke the unions’ power during the 1970s and 1980s.<strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> the “Iron Lady’s” revolution on the unionsare clearly visible. Of the British journalists contacted for thissurvey only 47 per cent were working at a newspaper with anestablished works council. (Fig. 1)122 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
Is there a works council at your newpaper? Fig. 1Yes 47No 530 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100How influential is this works council on a scale from 1 to 5,1 being ”very influential“ and 5 being ”not influential at all“?1234523,520,623,50 10 20 30 40 5032,5Fig. 2On the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> the existing works councils the participants’judgement was rather subdued. (Fig. 2) “If you engagetoo much in this line <strong>of</strong> activity, they (the management) canmake your life very difficult”, was the comment <strong>of</strong> the Romebased foreign correspondent <strong>of</strong> a prominent Fleet Street paper.All in all, British journalists do display a considerableamount <strong>of</strong> cynical realism when talking about their pr<strong>of</strong>ession.Most <strong>of</strong> them have accepted the fact that it is the publisherwho in principle decides on editorial content. “<strong>The</strong> editor willdecide but with an eye on the owner’s view”. Only 26 per cent<strong>of</strong> the participants <strong>of</strong> this survey believe that advertisementinfluences the content and editorial line <strong>of</strong> the paper they areworking with. (Fig. 3)Does advertisement influence the editorial line<strong>of</strong> your newspaper? Fig. 3Yes 26No 740 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100COUNTRY REPORTS – UNITED KINGDOM 123
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REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
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ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
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6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
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advertisement is very insecure, mak
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industrial lobbying groups still di
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1. The Imp
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sidents” had been imprisoned. “
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determined Freedom of</stro
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co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
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Such independence, however, comes a
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and mirror of the
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30 million rely exclusively on info
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Unchecked, concentration will reduc
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protected, a certain level
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indication of the
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time, as the concept of</st
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It appears, however, that this posi
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1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
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owns or controls not only the three
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Target countries sometimes interpre
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independence proposed by the OSCE R
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groups to grow. And there is the in
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areas of Central a
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Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
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Yet this simple notion appears to b
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newspaper firms. Using the argument
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a contribution to democratization a
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tation of this for
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This limitation in no way indicates
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press is ridiculous. Journalists co
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But these progressive aspects <stro
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Nevertheless, the loss of</
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may well be true for journalists fr
Page 72 and 73: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 74 and 75: will go to television, this being t
Page 76 and 77: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 78 and 79: Good relations with the business co
Page 80 and 81: Further, how can a newspaper, whose
Page 82 and 83: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85: The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87: Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 91 and 92: 4. Number of Title
Page 93 and 94: 5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95 and 96: Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 97 and 98: publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
Page 99 and 100: A three directional strategy is wha
Page 101 and 102: 5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
Page 103 and 104: Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 109 and 110: Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 113 and 114: As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116: 5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
Page 117 and 118: Newspaper chains were the logical r
Page 119 and 120: 5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
Page 121: • Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 129 and 130: Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 134 and 135: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
Page 136 and 137: As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139: Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141: 5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143: of those mini-comp
Page 144 and 145: for example, is very clear on this
Page 148 and 149: 5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
Page 150 and 151: portfolio. In addition, as democrat
Page 152 and 153: Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
Page 154 and 155: 5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
Page 156 and 157: is quite remarkable. The</s
Page 158 and 159: Lithuania is a small country with a
Page 160 and 161: Another tendency is that newspapers
Page 162 and 163: Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
Page 166 and 167: October 22 2003 was an historic dat
Page 168 and 169: 5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
Page 170 and 171: y a mostly anonymous to the general
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On a daily, practical basis there
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
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so-called “human interest” stor
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indicated that Rodipet applies a di
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5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
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12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
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Strengthening of d
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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emerging CEE countries with regard
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- Create in all OSCE participating
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Organization for Security and Co-op
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1. In which country are you working
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17. Who defines the editorial line
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29. How would you describe the situ
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- This common code of</stro
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Personal and business interestsIt i
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Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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