The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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This limitation in no way indicates that journalists in othermedia sectors do not experience similar hardship and frustrations.On the contrary, the high numbers <strong>of</strong> responses fromjournalists operating in media other than daily newspapers suggestsa deep frustration even among the journalists <strong>of</strong> the electronicmedia, which have been hit by the economic crisis andloss <strong>of</strong> advertisement revenue to a much lesser degree.A complete picture <strong>of</strong> the difficult situation <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionaljournalism as a whole is impossible without a second additionalsurvey on the impact <strong>of</strong> concentration and globalizationon pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalists <strong>of</strong> the electronic media in the eightcountries represented in this study.While economic research is based on verifiable facts andfigures, this survey deals with personal impressions and feelings.In many cases simple “yes” or “no” answers are impossible.Political sentiments and personal experiences from the pastmay have an influence on the evaluation <strong>of</strong> a given and evolvingsituation. All questions combined, however, result in a personaldescription <strong>of</strong> the present level <strong>of</strong> job satisfaction.Journalists are used to posing questions. <strong>The</strong>y are lessused to being asked. For practical reasons the questionnairefor this survey was distributed in the English language. Participants,however, were <strong>of</strong>fered the option to answer in theirnative languages.To guarantee complete anonymity the questionnaire wasdistributed via the internet. National journalist unions andassociations as well as media NGOs were asked to send thequestionnaire on to their members. In some cases as, for example,in Italy the questionnaire was distributed directly via theelectronic servers <strong>of</strong> individual newspapers.Journalists were given the opportunity to fill in the questionnaireon-line and to send their answers back to the OSCEheadquarter server, where all computer generated information62 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
about the sender was automatically erased before being forwardedto the research group.Notwithstanding all these precautions and guarantees, thegeneral reluctance to participate in this survey was notable.<strong>The</strong> level <strong>of</strong> response from those countries included in the surveyvaried widely. This made it impossible for some questionsto be analysed in detail for each <strong>of</strong> the countries included inthis survey. Graphics were used only in those cases were thenumber <strong>of</strong> returns allowed for significant description. However,it was in each case possible to elaborate general trends.Of more than 500 returns, only 300 plus were usable.Those eliminated contained either incomplete or objectivelyfalse answers. Returns from countries “other” than the eightrepresented in this survey were equally discounted as were theanswers <strong>of</strong> journalists not working in daily newspapers.With the exception <strong>of</strong> Finland, which ranks amongst thechampions for freedom <strong>of</strong> the media, the reluctance <strong>of</strong> journaliststo voice their personal opinion peaked in countries wherepress freedom is known to be in jeopardy.<strong>The</strong> argument <strong>of</strong> a leading Hungarian unionist, as to whyhe would not recommend his colleagues to participate in thissurvey, revealed a surprising level <strong>of</strong> political misconceptions.“<strong>The</strong> foreign media have colonized a substantial part <strong>of</strong> theHungarian daily newspaper market on behalf <strong>of</strong> the CIA. Asthe American Intelligence Services are controlling each andevery message sent via internet, they would be able to collectthe private political opinion <strong>of</strong> every journalist partaking inthis survey. It would, therefore, be pr<strong>of</strong>essional suicide to contributeto your research.”An Italian journalist refused to answer the questionnaire,“because it would be absolutely useless. <strong>Media</strong> concentrationin Italy has reached such a level, that the notion <strong>of</strong> a free nationalTHE SURVEY 63
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REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
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ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
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6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
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advertisement is very insecure, mak
Page 12 and 13: industrial lobbying groups still di
Page 15 and 16: 1. The Imp
Page 17 and 18: sidents” had been imprisoned. “
Page 19 and 20: determined Freedom of</stro
Page 21 and 22: co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
Page 23 and 24: Such independence, however, comes a
Page 25 and 26: and mirror of the
Page 27 and 28: 30 million rely exclusively on info
Page 29 and 30: Unchecked, concentration will reduc
Page 31 and 32: protected, a certain level
Page 33 and 34: indication of the
Page 35 and 36: time, as the concept of</st
Page 37 and 38: It appears, however, that this posi
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
Page 41 and 42: owns or controls not only the three
Page 43 and 44: Target countries sometimes interpre
Page 45 and 46: independence proposed by the OSCE R
Page 47 and 48: groups to grow. And there is the in
Page 49 and 50: areas of Central a
Page 51 and 52: Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
Page 53 and 54: Yet this simple notion appears to b
Page 55 and 56: newspaper firms. Using the argument
Page 57 and 58: a contribution to democratization a
Page 59: tation of this for
Page 64 and 65: press is ridiculous. Journalists co
Page 66 and 67: But these progressive aspects <stro
Page 68 and 69: Nevertheless, the loss of</
Page 70 and 71: may well be true for journalists fr
Page 72 and 73: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 74 and 75: will go to television, this being t
Page 76 and 77: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 78 and 79: Good relations with the business co
Page 80 and 81: Further, how can a newspaper, whose
Page 82 and 83: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85: The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87: Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 91 and 92: 4. Number of Title
Page 93 and 94: 5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95 and 96: Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 97 and 98: publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
Page 99 and 100: A three directional strategy is wha
Page 101 and 102: 5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
Page 103 and 104: Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 105 and 106: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234515,
Page 107 and 108: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 109 and 110: Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 113 and 114:
As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116:
5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
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Newspaper chains were the logical r
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5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
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• Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 123 and 124:
Is there a works council at your ne
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Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 127 and 128:
Service for civil society (%) Fig.
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Do you feel free to voice and write
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
Page 136 and 137:
As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139:
Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
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5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
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of those mini-comp
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for example, is very clear on this
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
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portfolio. In addition, as democrat
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Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
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5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
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is quite remarkable. The</s
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Lithuania is a small country with a
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Another tendency is that newspapers
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Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
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October 22 2003 was an historic dat
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5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
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y a mostly anonymous to the general
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On a daily, practical basis there
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
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so-called “human interest” stor
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indicated that Rodipet applies a di
Page 180 and 181:
5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
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12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
Page 184 and 185:
Strengthening of d
Page 186 and 187:
Do you feel threatened in your posi
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emerging CEE countries with regard
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- Create in all OSCE participating
Page 193 and 194:
Organization for Security and Co-op
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1. In which country are you working
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17. Who defines the editorial line
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29. How would you describe the situ
Page 201 and 202:
- This common code of</stro
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Personal and business interestsIt i
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Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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