The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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emerging CEE countries with regard to the Freedom <strong>of</strong> the<strong>Media</strong>.• <strong>The</strong> general situation <strong>of</strong> print media is becoming more difficultall over Europe due to economic recession and structuralproblems. Loss <strong>of</strong> advertisement revenue is one <strong>of</strong> thecentral problems <strong>of</strong> the print media.• Especially in small and emerging markets it is becomingincreasingly difficult to obtain sufficient financial meansfrom domestic sources necessary for the continuing existence<strong>of</strong> privately owned and independent print media.• Foreign investment in CEE print media markets can not beconsidered detrimental to Freedom <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Media</strong> and tojournalistic freedoms in these countries per se. On the contrary,in many cases foreign capital has created the basicconditions for the print media to be free <strong>of</strong> domestic politicalinfluence and industrial pressure.• Market concentration does not depend on the origin <strong>of</strong>capital. It can be equally domestically induced as well ascaused by foreign investors.• <strong>Concentration</strong> processes have to be, however, closely monitored.Horizontal concentration may cause dangers tomedia pluralism and diversity, while vertical concentrationmay result in entry barriers for new competitors.• Pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalism is bearing the brunt <strong>of</strong> the financialdifficulties <strong>of</strong> media firms and consequently <strong>of</strong> mediaconcentration.• In order to safeguard free and independent print media andprotect pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalism as one <strong>of</strong> the cornerstones<strong>of</strong> constitutional democracy it would be recommendable to:– Develop instruments to help print media companies increating a sound financial and economic base in order for188 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
them to be protected against undue external influences. Thiscould be done by reductions for taxes on paper or VAT ashas been practised for a long time in many OSCE countries.– Develop guiding principles for the editorial independence<strong>of</strong> editors and pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalists from both pressurefrom the publisher and the political and/or industrialarena. Such principles should be developed in close cooperationwith publishers and pr<strong>of</strong>essional editorial staffand should, once introduced on a voluntary basis, be bindingand therefore legally enforceable. <strong>The</strong> already existingprinciples established by the OSCE Representative on Freedom<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Media</strong> and signed by the German WAZ groupand the Norwegian publishing house Orkla could be takenas valuable examples.– Facilitate and <strong>of</strong>fer council to media companies willingto introduce voluntary guidelines for editorial independencesimilar to principles established, for example, by Orkla,Springer and WAZ.– Increase the “market value” <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalists bystrengthening their intellectual property rights and notoriety,making it obligatory to identify individual authors <strong>of</strong>articles by publishing their full names.– Strengthen the bargaining position <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalistsand their right to choose their employer freely bymaking, in the case <strong>of</strong> changing jobs, the contributions tocompany pension schemes transferable to other media companies.– Guarantee pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalists sufficient salaries, socialsecurity and pensions in order to eliminate their economicdependency on additional income from other sources, thussafeguarding independent and impartial journalistic work.CONCLUSIONS 189
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REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
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ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
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6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
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advertisement is very insecure, mak
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industrial lobbying groups still di
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1. The Imp
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sidents” had been imprisoned. “
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determined Freedom of</stro
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co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
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Such independence, however, comes a
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and mirror of the
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30 million rely exclusively on info
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Unchecked, concentration will reduc
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protected, a certain level
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indication of the
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time, as the concept of</st
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It appears, however, that this posi
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1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
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owns or controls not only the three
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Target countries sometimes interpre
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independence proposed by the OSCE R
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groups to grow. And there is the in
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areas of Central a
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Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
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Yet this simple notion appears to b
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newspaper firms. Using the argument
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a contribution to democratization a
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tation of this for
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This limitation in no way indicates
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press is ridiculous. Journalists co
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But these progressive aspects <stro
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Nevertheless, the loss of</
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may well be true for journalists fr
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Is there a works council at your ne
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will go to television, this being t
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Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
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Good relations with the business co
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Further, how can a newspaper, whose
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Service for civil society (%) Fig.
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The Norwegian medi
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Have you ever been put under pressu
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Do you feel threatened in your posi
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4. Number of Title
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5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
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Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
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publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
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A three directional strategy is wha
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5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
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Cross-ownership has also increased
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Understandably all German journalis
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As also seen in Germany, the data p
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5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
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Newspaper chains were the logical r
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5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
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• Daily Mail and General Trust: D
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Is there a works council at your ne
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Do you feel free to voice and write
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Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
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As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139: Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141: 5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143: of those mini-comp
Page 144 and 145: for example, is very clear on this
Page 146 and 147: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 40.1M
Page 148 and 149: 5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
Page 150 and 151: portfolio. In addition, as democrat
Page 152 and 153: Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
Page 154 and 155: 5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
Page 156 and 157: is quite remarkable. The</s
Page 158 and 159: Lithuania is a small country with a
Page 160 and 161: Another tendency is that newspapers
Page 162 and 163: Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
Page 164 and 165: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 31.7M
Page 166 and 167: October 22 2003 was an historic dat
Page 168 and 169: 5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
Page 170 and 171: y a mostly anonymous to the general
Page 172 and 173: On a daily, practical basis there
Page 174 and 175: Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
Page 176 and 177: so-called “human interest” stor
Page 178 and 179: indicated that Rodipet applies a di
Page 180 and 181: 5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
Page 182 and 183: 12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
Page 184 and 185: Strengthening of d
Page 186 and 187: Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 190 and 191: - Create in all OSCE participating
Page 193 and 194: Organization for Security and Co-op
Page 195 and 196: 1. In which country are you working
Page 197 and 198: 17. Who defines the editorial line
Page 199 and 200: 29. How would you describe the situ
Page 201 and 202: - This common code of</stro
Page 203 and 204: Personal and business interestsIt i
Page 205: Orkla Media’s
Page 208: www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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