The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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industrial lobbying groups still differs considerably from countryto country.<strong>The</strong> study itself is divided into two parts. Already existingresearch studies and statistical material on the eight countriespresented in this survey were collected. In addition, in-countryinterviews were arranged with individual journalists, representativesfrom media unions and associations, academia, publishinghouses, and media NGOs.Secondly, questionnaires were distributed via the internetto journalist unions and associations as well as daily newspaperjournalists <strong>of</strong> the eight participating countries. <strong>The</strong>se questionnaires,which can be found in the annex <strong>of</strong> this book, were tobe filled in on-line and sent back anonymously to the internetserver at the OSCE Representative on Freedom <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Media</strong>.Due to the small number <strong>of</strong> addressees the questionnairessent to unions and other organizations were incorporated asmost valuable information into the general part <strong>of</strong> this surveyas well as the proper country report instead <strong>of</strong> being evaluatedindividually in detail.Finally, research and statistical material collected wasadded to in-country interviews with unions, associations, academiaand others. <strong>The</strong>se data were then cross-examined and putinto context with the data individual journalists had providedby answering the on-line questionnaire.<strong>The</strong> survey exceeds already known answers to the socioeconomicproblems <strong>of</strong> print media concentration. It catchestrends and patterns <strong>of</strong> media concentration as perceived bypr<strong>of</strong>essional journalists in different countries and documentstheir very personal feelings and understanding <strong>of</strong> the implications<strong>of</strong> such developments on pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalism.<strong>The</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> this survey did not have the pretension tobe exhaustive and representative, but to acquire general trends12 INTRODUCTION
and patterns <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> media concentration on pr<strong>of</strong>essionaljournalism that indeed can be exemplary. <strong>The</strong> resultsfrom this survey do not necessarily reflect the actual situation<strong>of</strong> the media in these eight countries, but how the polled journalistssee their own position. <strong>The</strong> feeling <strong>of</strong> uneasiness andworry lingering within the category <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional journalistsin all countries partaking in this survey should, however, notbe undervalued. Survey results are presented both on aggregateand on the level <strong>of</strong> each individual country.<strong>The</strong> impressions extracted from the returned questionnairesdo not always, therefore, confirm the <strong>of</strong>ficial description<strong>of</strong> media concentration and freedom <strong>of</strong> the press in onespecific country. Empirical facts on the media landscape in therespective countries are delivered in the country reports at thebeginning <strong>of</strong> each chapter.While the efforts to distribute the questionnaire were identicalfor all countries participating in this survey, the level <strong>of</strong> feedbackshowed notable differences. Additional research would beneeded to understand the reasons for such differing behaviour.Especially in the light <strong>of</strong> the limited reaction <strong>of</strong> print mediajournalists and their national representatives the help and assistance<strong>of</strong> the European Federation <strong>of</strong> Journalists to this surveycan not be over estimated. <strong>The</strong> seemingly endless amount <strong>of</strong>research material, contacts and other information provided byEFJ was overwhelming.<strong>The</strong> researchers’ would also like to thank those expertsfrom national unions and associations, and academia as wellas NGOs in the different countries who provided us with valuableinformation in a number <strong>of</strong> personal interviews conductedor who contributed a comment or their personal view on thesituation <strong>of</strong> media, media concentration and the situation <strong>of</strong>journalists in their country for their precious time.JOHANNES VON DOHNANYI AND CHRISTIAN MÖLLER 13
Page 3 and 4: REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
Page 7: 6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
Page 10 and 11: advertisement is very insecure, mak
Page 15 and 16: 1. The Imp
Page 17 and 18: sidents” had been imprisoned. “
Page 19 and 20: determined Freedom of</stro
Page 21 and 22: co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
Page 23 and 24: Such independence, however, comes a
Page 25 and 26: and mirror of the
Page 27 and 28: 30 million rely exclusively on info
Page 29 and 30: Unchecked, concentration will reduc
Page 31 and 32: protected, a certain level
Page 33 and 34: indication of the
Page 35 and 36: time, as the concept of</st
Page 37 and 38: It appears, however, that this posi
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
Page 41 and 42: owns or controls not only the three
Page 43 and 44: Target countries sometimes interpre
Page 45 and 46: independence proposed by the OSCE R
Page 47 and 48: groups to grow. And there is the in
Page 49 and 50: areas of Central a
Page 51 and 52: Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
Page 53 and 54: Yet this simple notion appears to b
Page 55 and 56: newspaper firms. Using the argument
Page 57 and 58: a contribution to democratization a
Page 59: tation of this for
Page 62 and 63:
This limitation in no way indicates
Page 64 and 65:
press is ridiculous. Journalists co
Page 66 and 67:
But these progressive aspects <stro
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Nevertheless, the loss of</
Page 70 and 71:
may well be true for journalists fr
Page 72 and 73:
Is there a works council at your ne
Page 74 and 75:
will go to television, this being t
Page 76 and 77:
Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 78 and 79:
Good relations with the business co
Page 80 and 81:
Further, how can a newspaper, whose
Page 82 and 83:
Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85:
The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87:
Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89:
Do you feel threatened in your posi
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4. Number of Title
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5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95 and 96:
Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 97 and 98:
publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
Page 99 and 100:
A three directional strategy is wha
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5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
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Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116:
5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
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Newspaper chains were the logical r
Page 119 and 120:
5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
Page 121 and 122:
• Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 123 and 124:
Is there a works council at your ne
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131:
Page 134 and 135:
Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
Page 136 and 137:
As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139:
Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141:
5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143:
of those mini-comp
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for example, is very clear on this
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
Page 150 and 151:
portfolio. In addition, as democrat
Page 152 and 153:
Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
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5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
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is quite remarkable. The</s
Page 158 and 159:
Lithuania is a small country with a
Page 160 and 161:
Another tendency is that newspapers
Page 162 and 163:
Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
October 22 2003 was an historic dat
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5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
Page 170 and 171:
y a mostly anonymous to the general
Page 172 and 173:
On a daily, practical basis there
Page 174 and 175:
Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
Page 176 and 177:
so-called “human interest” stor
Page 178 and 179:
indicated that Rodipet applies a di
Page 180 and 181:
5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
Page 182 and 183:
12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
Page 184 and 185:
Strengthening of d
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
emerging CEE countries with regard
Page 190 and 191:
- Create in all OSCE participating
Page 193 and 194:
Organization for Security and Co-op
Page 195 and 196:
1. In which country are you working
Page 197 and 198:
17. Who defines the editorial line
Page 199 and 200:
29. How would you describe the situ
Page 201 and 202:
- This common code of</stro
Page 203 and 204:
Personal and business interestsIt i
Page 205:
Orkla Media’s
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www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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