The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional ... - OSCE

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licences were allocated only to State owned broadcasters orthose under the control <strong>of</strong> public law. As opposed to broadcastersin communist ruled countries, where the State maintaineda monopoly not only on frequencies, but on programmecontent as well, Western European broadcasters were andmostly still are controlled by a broad range <strong>of</strong> public interestgroups. This model <strong>of</strong> public service broadcasting has widelybeen acknowledged as serving the citizen’s right to an unbiasedinformation well.<strong>The</strong> liberalization <strong>of</strong> the electronic media market in mostWestern countries during the 1980s and 1990s eliminated theState monopoly over transmission frequencies. At the sametime it opened up the rather strict public control over content.This development required a completely new legislative approachboth nationally and internationally, especially as radio and TVfrequencies are not subject to national frontiers.In contrast to electronic media contents, the sales <strong>of</strong> printmedia products are, due to the natural language barrier, generallylimited to national markets. With the collapse <strong>of</strong> thecommunist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe the firststep, therefore, was to privatize existing and previously Stateowned print media companies and to liberalize the licence proceduresfor the opening <strong>of</strong> new print media outlets.While this newly acquired press freedom led to a substantialincrease in print media titles in CEE States, very few <strong>of</strong>them were based on sound market analysis and financial calculation.Inexperienced in the rules <strong>of</strong> an open market economythe result was predictable: basic economics forced manynewspapers out <strong>of</strong> business. In Poland for example the number<strong>of</strong> daily newspapers dropped between 1998 and 2002 from56 titles to 46 or by 8 per cent.New press laws were introduced in all CEE countries.Many <strong>of</strong> these laws, however, had to be amended time after34 THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CONCENTRATION ON PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
time, as the concept <strong>of</strong> a free and independent media onlybecame gradually understood by the governing elites. At leastin the beginning the problem <strong>of</strong> print media concentration didnot rank very high on the political agenda <strong>of</strong> these countries.<strong>The</strong> notion <strong>of</strong> media concentration came to be understood onlywith the dramatic increase <strong>of</strong> foreign investment in nationalprint media markets. In most cases EU Candidate States hadto be coached by Brussels into formulating media laws in linewith the acquis communitaire.One reason for being so slow in adopting wide ranginglaws for the print media might have been the sense <strong>of</strong> urgencyto regulate national electronic media markets. <strong>The</strong> credibility<strong>of</strong> the print media had suffered badly from the decade longdirect control <strong>of</strong> the one-party State. Private television broadcasting,<strong>of</strong>fered immediately after the regime change by internationalnews channels like CNN, better reflected the citizens’hunger for seemingly unbiased information.Private TV broadcasting introduced a hitherto unknownl<strong>of</strong>ty mix <strong>of</strong> news and entertainment. Television became thenatural media choice for the new elites, who quickly becameaware <strong>of</strong> the political risks <strong>of</strong> opening their electronic mediamarkets too widely to foreign investment.While cross-border transmissions <strong>of</strong> European radio andTV contents within the territories <strong>of</strong> the European Union areconsidered an expression <strong>of</strong> cultural diversity, the EU hasalways tried to protect a common European identity by safeguardingits internal radio and TV market from being floodedby programmes from outside the Union. In this respect the EUis in open conflict mainly with the US where electronic mediacontent is considered a normal product <strong>of</strong> the service industryand therefore it is illegitimate to treat it outside <strong>of</strong> existing freetrade agreements.JOHANNES VON DOHNANYI 35
Page 3 and 4: REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE ME
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPrefaceby Freimut Duve 9Int
Page 7: 6. Conclusions 187AnnexQuestionnair
Page 10 and 11: advertisement is very insecure, mak
Page 12 and 13: industrial lobbying groups still di
Page 15 and 16: 1. The Imp
Page 17 and 18: sidents” had been imprisoned. “
Page 19 and 20: determined Freedom of</stro
Page 21 and 22: co-operate fully with the OSCE Repr
Page 23 and 24: Such independence, however, comes a
Page 25 and 26: and mirror of the
Page 27 and 28: 30 million rely exclusively on info
Page 29 and 30: Unchecked, concentration will reduc
Page 31 and 32: protected, a certain level
Page 33: indication of the
Page 37 and 38: It appears, however, that this posi
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 New Threats on the Horizon1.7.1
Page 41 and 42: owns or controls not only the three
Page 43 and 44: Target countries sometimes interpre
Page 45 and 46: independence proposed by the OSCE R
Page 47 and 48: groups to grow. And there is the in
Page 49 and 50: areas of Central a
Page 51 and 52: Directly or indirectly Mr. Silvio B
Page 53 and 54: Yet this simple notion appears to b
Page 55 and 56: newspaper firms. Using the argument
Page 57 and 58: a contribution to democratization a
Page 59: tation of this for
Page 62 and 63: This limitation in no way indicates
Page 64 and 65: press is ridiculous. Journalists co
Page 66 and 67: But these progressive aspects <stro
Page 68 and 69: Nevertheless, the loss of</
Page 70 and 71: may well be true for journalists fr
Page 72 and 73: Is there a works council at your ne
Page 74 and 75: will go to television, this being t
Page 76 and 77: Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 78 and 79: Good relations with the business co
Page 80 and 81: Further, how can a newspaper, whose
Page 82 and 83: Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 84 and 85:
The Norwegian medi
Page 86 and 87:
Have you ever been put under pressu
Page 88 and 89:
Do you feel threatened in your posi
Page 91 and 92:
4. Number of Title
Page 93 and 94:
5. Country Reports5.1 Germany5.1.1
Page 95 and 96:
Süddeutsche Zeitung (463,000), Lei
Page 97 and 98:
publisher, the Axel Springer Verlag
Page 99 and 100:
A three directional strategy is wha
Page 101 and 102:
5.1.2 Survey ResultsBacked by tradi
Page 103 and 104:
Cross-ownership has also increased
Page 105 and 106:
Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234515,
Page 107 and 108:
Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 109 and 110:
Understandably all German journalis
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
As also seen in Germany, the data p
Page 115 and 116:
5.2.2 Survey ResultsFinland compete
Page 117 and 118:
Newspaper chains were the logical r
Page 119 and 120:
5.3 United Kingdom5.3.1 Country Rep
Page 121 and 122:
• Daily Mail and General Trust: D
Page 123 and 124:
Is there a works council at your ne
Page 125 and 126:
Economic revenue (%) Fig. 61234510,
Page 127 and 128:
Service for civil society (%) Fig.
Page 129 and 130:
Do you feel free to voice and write
Page 131:
Page 134 and 135:
Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 30.1M
Page 136 and 137:
As regards ownership concentration,
Page 138 and 139:
Financial BackgroundDespite the pre
Page 140 and 141:
5.4.2 Survey resultsIf Finnish jour
Page 142 and 143:
of those mini-comp
Page 144 and 145:
for example, is very clear on this
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
5.5.2 Survey ResultsAn anonymous It
Page 150 and 151:
portfolio. In addition, as democrat
Page 152 and 153:
Mr. Berlusconi’s TV advertisement
Page 154 and 155:
5.6 Lithuania5.6.1 Country ReportCa
Page 156 and 157:
is quite remarkable. The</s
Page 158 and 159:
Lithuania is a small country with a
Page 160 and 161:
Another tendency is that newspapers
Page 162 and 163:
Only in 2003, the daily newspaper L
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
October 22 2003 was an historic dat
Page 168 and 169:
5.7.2 Survey ResultsSince the end <
Page 170 and 171:
y a mostly anonymous to the general
Page 172 and 173:
On a daily, practical basis there
Page 174 and 175:
Newspaper reach (%)All Adults 15Sou
Page 176 and 177:
so-called “human interest” stor
Page 178 and 179:
indicated that Rodipet applies a di
Page 180 and 181:
5.8.2 Survey ResultsAlthough a smal
Page 182 and 183:
12345Objectivity (%) Fig. 57,114,32
Page 184 and 185:
Strengthening of d
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
emerging CEE countries with regard
Page 190 and 191:
- Create in all OSCE participating
Page 193 and 194:
Organization for Security and Co-op
Page 195 and 196:
1. In which country are you working
Page 197 and 198:
17. Who defines the editorial line
Page 199 and 200:
29. How would you describe the situ
Page 201 and 202:
- This common code of</stro
Page 203 and 204:
Personal and business interestsIt i
Page 205:
Orkla Media’s
Page 208:
www.osce.org/fomJohannes von Dohnan
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