April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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304 (Figure 5B). Their viability was 87.14 % and 82.76 % for the four- and six-week-old leaves, respectively, as determined by FDA staining (Figure 5C). Protoplast viability decreased Yield (×10 5 prtoplasts/ g FW) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 a a d c a E1 E2 E3 Enzyme mixtures E4 E5 ab Yield Viability Figure 1 Effect of different enzyme mixtures on yield and viability of C. wendtii protoplasts. Data represent mean ± standard error of three replicates. Yield (×10 5 prtoplasts/ g FW) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 a b c b c c ab 3 4 5 6 Incubation time (hours) Yield Viability Figure 3 Effect of incubation time on yield and viability of C. wendtii protoplasts. Data represent mean ± standard error of three replicates. c b b <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) a bc 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Viability (%) Viability (%) significantly with the increase in leaf age (Figure 4). It was also found a remarkable number of raphids when using the leaves as a source of protoplasts. Yield (×10 5 prtoplasts/ g FW) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 b ab d c 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Mannitol concentration (M) Yield Viability Figure 2 Effect of mannitol concentrations in the enzyme mixture on yield and viability of C. wendtii protoplasts. Data represent mean ± standard error of three replicates. Yield (×10 5 prtoplasts/ g FW) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 c b c ab c b b ab 4 6 8 10 Leaf age (weeks) Yield Viability a a a a 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 Figure 4 Effect of leaf age on yield and viability of C. wendtii protoplasts. Data represent mean ± standard error of three replicates. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Viability (%) Viability (%)
5. Purification by various sucrose concentrations There was a significant difference between the yield of protoplasts centrifuged in the four sucrose concentrations tested, but no significant difference in the viability (Table 2). Purification with 16 % sucrose solution gave the <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 305 Figure 5 Isolation, culture and cell division of Crytocoryne wendtii protoplasts. Four-week-old plantlets suitable for the isolation of leaf protoplasts (A), protoplasts after purification with 16 % sucrose solution (B), vigorous protoplasts fluoresce a yellow-green color when stained with FDA (C), first cell division of protoplast culture in agarose bead after a few days of culture (D), second cell division after 10 days of culture (E), small cell colonies after culturing for 30 days (F). Bar = 20 µm. highest yield of 103.62×10 5 protoplasts/g FW with the viability of 90.79 %, and without cell debris. Factors affecting the protoplast culture 1. Culture medium MS medium was found to be more effective than KM8P medium. The first cell
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
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moisture content increment after so
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Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
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School, Kasetsart University. The a
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for combining ability of lines (Lam
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selective mass sibbing within indiv
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Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
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composite sets as used in this stud
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Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 111 and 112: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 311 -
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
Page 139 and 140: RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
Page 141 and 142: Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
Page 143 and 144: other strains of mice have differen
Page 145 and 146: dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
Page 147 and 148: The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
Page 149 and 150: enzyme and cells were maximized by
Page 151 and 152: of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
Page 153 and 154: Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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