April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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296 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) Table 5 Mineral concentration (ppm) in the liver of sheep supplemented with different sources of minerals (Means ± Standard Deviation). Treatment Ca Mg Fe Mn Cu Zn Control 0.04±0.00b 0.050±0.01a 160.00±27.57b 8.69±2.53ab 139.80±1.14a 97.85±4.38a Jair 0.05±0.00 b 0.040±0.01 b 244.15±62.30 ab 10.30±1.59 ab 179.62±119.37 a 94.84±1.28 a Hermokale. 0.06±0.01 ab 0.040±0.01 b 194.59±37.29 ab 9.43±0.14 ab 228.48±47.49 a 106.52±9.5 a Arabi 0.05±0.00 b 0.040±0.01 b 162.42±24.99 b 9.11±1.29 ab 112.90±60.61 a 96.44±5.19 a Bole 0.06±0.02 ab 0.050±0.01 a 170.47±27.98 b 5.49±3.21 b 192.80±60.74 a 92.10±8.19 a Complete minerals 0.08±0.01 a 0.045±0.01 ab 282.20±7.49 a 11.79±0.43 a 167.01±7.85 a 109.63±8.93 a Critical. Level - - < 180 ** 6 * 25-75 * < 84 ** * Georgievskii (1982) ** Mtimuni (1982) Means within the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p0.05) in liver minerals of sheep provided with different mineral soils. Liver Mg in sheep from Bole treatment group was significantly different (p0.05) in Mn (5.49 ppm) and Zn (92 ppm) than those from the other groups. The low Mn and Zn concentration in the liver might be induced by the low soil Mn (0.90 ppm) and Zn (0.50 ppm) mineral content in Bole soils (Table 3). Although no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in liver Fe among mineral soil groups, when compared to the suggested Fe standard deficiency status at 180 ppm by Mitimuni (1982), Fe concentration was lower in the Control (160 ppm), Arabi (162 ppm) and Bole (170 ppm) treated sheep. The animals fed on Jair soil showed higher Fe concentration in the liver than Hermokale, Arabi and Bole treatment groups. This might be due to the fact that Jair soil had higher Fe (2.42 ppm) content than the other mineral soils. Similarly, sheep provided with Arabi soil showed low Fe concentration in the liver. This agrees with the low Fe (0.78 ppm) content in this soil. Besides liver Fe, sheep fed on Bole soil was lower in liver Mn (5.49 ppm) than the suggested deficiency standard at 6 ppm by Georgievskii et al. (1982). This corresponds to the low Mn level found in Bole soil. According to Georgevskii et al. (1982) and Mtimuni (1982), the suggested standard deficiency levels, for liver Cu and Zn ranges from 25 to 75 ppm and
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With the exception of Bole soils, the present study revealed that supplementation with the three remaining mineral soils improved the total weight gain over the negative control sheep. Moreover, the daily mineral soil intake of sheep fed on Jair soil was higher than sheep received different mineral sources. Sheep in all soil mineral treatments except Bole soil, consume minerals at the same level as complete mineral treated group. However, the daily weight gain of animals fed complete mineral lick was highest when compared to all the remaining treatment sheep. Based on liver analysis, the present study reveals that all treatment group animals do not require additional micro minerals such as Mn, Cu and Zn. Hence, pastoralists can use natural mineral soils as mineral supplement sources to their animals. Though, there is a need to correct the deficiencies of certain minerals. In order to achieve the desire result in sheep production, phosphorus should be adjusted/ corrected in mineral supplementation. For improved mineral feeding, the provision of salt licks together with mineral soils and bone meal would provide a convenient and effective means of ensuring adequate mineral supplementation. This could be beneficial to the pastoralists and in return would have a national benefit in having sustainable sheep production. Pastoralists should be made aware of the possible incidence of mineral deficiencies as parts of range land are lacking in a number of mineral elements that are essential in animal nutrition. Therefore, it is recommended that planned mineral surveys must be conducted in wide areas of the region in order to detect mineral inadequacies for formulating balanced mineral mixture to the animals. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 297 gratitude to the management of Somali Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Research Institute (SoRPARI) staff for their endless support during the experimental period. We gratefully acknowledge EARO/ARTP for funding this study. Moreover, we appreciate Assistance Professors Dr. Sakron Koonawootrittriron and Dr. Panwadee Sopannarath for their valuable assistance in statistical analysis. LITRETURE CITED Adugna, T. 1990. Animal Production and Feed resource Constraints in Welayta Sodo and the Supplementary value of Desmodium intortum, Stlosanthes guianensis and Macrotyloma axillae When Fed to Growing Sheep Feeding on Basal Diet of Maize Stover. M.Sc. Thesis, Agricultural University of Norway. Allen, V. G., F. P. Horn and J. P. Fontenot. 1986. Influence of ingestion of aluminum, acid and soil on mineral metabolism of lactating beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 62 :1396–1403. Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis (part 1 and 2). American Society of Agronomy. Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1573 p. Blood, D. C., O. M. Radostits and J. A. Henderson. 1983. Veterinary Medicine. Sixth edition: 1021-1030. Cody, R. P. and J. K. Smith. 1997. Applied Statistics and the SAS Programming Language. New Jersy . 403 p. Faye, B., G. Grillet and A. Tessema. 1983. Report on survey of trace element status in forages and blood of domestic ruminants in Ethiopia. National Veterinary Institute Biochemistry and Nutrition Laboratory, Debre Zeit. Ethiopia. http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ ILRI/x5491E/x5491e18.htm Fikre, A. 1990. The Mineral Composition and Effect of Bole Local Natural Lick Supplementation on Feed Intake,
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
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moisture content increment after so
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Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
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School, Kasetsart University. The a
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for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
Page 139 and 140: RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
Page 141 and 142: Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
Page 143 and 144: other strains of mice have differen
Page 145 and 146: dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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