April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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284 reported by Halim (1992). LLS had lower CP, ADF and ADL but higher EE and ash than those of fresh LL. This might be due to the inclusion of RB as a silage additive. Physical and chemical property of LLS The quality of LLS, as evaluated by organoleptic test, was good to fairly good (Table 2). Although the precision of this test method may not be high due to the experience and the sensitivity of test panels, it is practical and popular since it needs no equipment. It was found that the scent of lactic acid in LLS was milder than that in corn silage. The odour of RB was also noticed but no smell of fungi or rotting was detected. The odour of LLS was similar to that of tea leaf silage which is a local product for human consumption in Northern Thailand. The colour of LLS was darker than that of good quality grass silages. It might be owing to the loss of Mg in chlorophyll when reacted with organic acids and became phaeophytin which has <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) brown color (Watson and Nash, 1960). In addition, legume leaves have more pigments than grass, therefore legume silage had darker colour than grass silage. However, the colour intensity also depends on other factors such as oxygen amount in silo and temperature during ensiling. LLS in this study had good texture and had no mold. Only small amount of fungi was found at the opening point of some bags. It might be due to oxygen remaining at this point after closing these bags. Organic acids of LLS ensilaged at different ages, determined by distillation techniques, are shown in Table 3. Although lactic acid of the silage kept for 81 days was significantly higher than that of the others, no significant differentce was found on quality scores because light smell of butyric acid was also noticed. All samples were considered good grade silage even though pH were higher than 3.7-4.2 which is generally found in good quality grass silage. It is owing to the fact that leucaena is leguminous plant, therefore it contains high buffering capacity, thus inhibits pH change. However, pH and acid content Table 2 Quality of leucaena silage ensiled at different durations. Ensiling period (days) 21 51 81 111 Odor 11.06ab 10.10a 10.92a 11.90b Color 2.00b 1.68a 1.92b 1.96b Texture 3.40 3.06 3.60 3.82 Score 16.48b 14.84a 16.48b 17.68b Values in a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p
of all LLS samples in this study were in the normal ranges of good quality silage according to the report by Watson and Nash (1960); i.e. ≤65% moisture, pH < 4.8, lactate 3-14% and butyrate < 0.2% (DM basis). Chemical compositions of LLS at different ensiling periods are shown in Table 4. It was found that the length of ensiling period had no influence on DM loss and most of the chemical compositions. The loss of DM of 10.35-12.32% found in this experiment was in a normal range. McDonald et al. (1991) reported that the unavoidable loss of silage due to the action of plant enzymes, microbial enzymes, plant respiration and ensiling technique were 1-2, 2-4 and 2-5%, respectively. No significant difference was found on CP content between prior and after ensiling with the exception of the lower CP content of the group kept for 111 days. The unremarkable protein loss was due to the good ensiling condition since the bags were vacuumed, thus only minute amount of oxygen remained in the bags. In addition, moisture level of the ensiling material was optimal (63%) therefore no excess heat was produced. These conditions led to the low dry matter and nutrient <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 285 loss (Watson and Nash, 1960; McDonald et al., 1991). Furthermore, the low CP loss might be due to the fact that LL has condensed tannin (4- 6% DM basis; Balogun et al., 1998). This substance is able to inhibit protein degradation by microbial and animal enzymes (Albrecht and Muck, 1991). Moreover, trypsin inhibitor in RB may also inhibit protein degradation. Most (85- 90%) of this inhibitor was found in embryo. The other part of RB (without embryo) had 5-10% while polished rice had less than 1% of this inhibitor (Juliano, 1985). The concentration of ash and that of EE were not affected by ensiling period. Even though the forms of minerals and the pattern of fatty acids may change during ensiling process, their amount should not decrease because no seepage was found due to low moisture content (
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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