April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 282 - 287 (2007) Beta-carotene, Mimosine and Quality of Leucaena Silage Kept at Different Duration Wanna Angthong1 , Boonlom Cheva-Isarakul2 *, Somkid Promma3 and Boonserm Cheva-Isarkul2 ABSTARCT Leucaena leucocephala leaves (LL) were ensiled by mixing with 20% rice bran and 20% water (fresh LL basis). The material was kept for 21, 51, 81 and 111 days in vacuumed double layer plastic bags, each containing 26 kg. Five bags were randomly taken at each interval for quality evaluation by organoleptic test as well as by organic acid and chemical analysis. It was found that the ensiling period did not have much influence on most of the chemical compositions. All samples of leucaena leaf silage (LLS) had pH of 4.4-4.5 and 35.22-35.65% DM (dry matter). The compositions on DM basis were 21.49-22.29% CP (crude protein), 7.76-8.22% EE (ether extract), 31.18-33.68% NDF (neutral detergent fiber), 2.0-2.9% acetate and 6.9-9.7% lactate (DM basis). DM loss was 10.35-12.32% which was in the normal range for good quality silage. The most interesting points were the increment of βcarotene after ensiling from 88.50 to 99.92-120.25 mg/kg DM while mimosine content decreased over 90% (from 1.79 to 0.12-0.16% of DM) which were superior to a drying method. It indicated that LLS is a good alternative for preserving LL and for reduction of mimosine. Key words: leucaena, β-carotene, mimosine, silage, organic acids INTRODUCTION Leucaena leucocephala is a legume plant, commonly found in Thailand and many other tropical countries. The nutritive value is comparable to alfalfa. The leaf contains around 24% CP and 116-161 mg β-carotene/kg DM (Lamchoun, 1998). It is widely used in animal feed for monogastrics and ruminants as a source of CP, vitamins and minerals. In addition, it also provides pigment for skin and egg yolk. However, there is a limitation of using leucaena leaves (LL) as animal feed because of its high mimosine content. This toxic substance is a non-protein amino acid. The chemical name is β-N-(3hydroxy-4-pyridone)-α-amino propionic acid. After ingestion it converts to 3-hydroxy-4(1H)pyridone (DHP), that can induce goiter (Jone, 1994). And since the structure of mimosine is similar to that of tyrosine, it becomes an antagonist to this amino acid and inhibits protein synthesis. Therefore, it reduces growth and production performance. In addition, it interferes with B 6 activity which is necessary for cystathionine synthetase and cystathionase in converting methionine to cystine, thus causes hair loss (Liener, 1 Department of Livestock Development, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. 2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 3 Chiang Mai Livestock Research and Breeding Center, Sanpatong, Chiang Mai 50120, Thailand. * Corresponding author, e-mail: agibchvs@chiangmai.ac.th Received date : 15/08/06 Accepted date : 05/02/07
1989). In monogastrics, the inclusion of LL above 5-10% of the ration depresses growth rate and induces alopecia, cataract, paralysis, infertility, low production efficiency and finally death (Norton, 1994). In Thailand, mimosine content in LL is 1-5% and in commercial LL meal is 1-2% (Panja, 1983; Pharkwiwat, 1984). Ruminants in South East Asia can tolerate higher mimosine level due to gram negative rod shape rumen microbes “Synergists jonesii” which can degrade mimosine and its derivative DHP into non toxic substances (Jone, 1994). However, these microbes are not found in monogastrics, therefore it is necessary to reduce this toxic substance before use. The most popular method is drying under the sun. Although other methods such as soaking in ferrous sulfate or in running water or the supplement of amino acids, Fe, Al and Zn are reported to be effective (Panja, 1983; Pharkwiwat, 1984; Wee and Wang; 1987), there are some practical limitations. Ensiling may be an appropriate method for preservation and toxic reduction because LL is surplus in wet season during which drying is rather difficult. Hongo et al. (1986) and Sunagawa et al. (1989) reported that around 90% of mimosine is destroyed after 14-21 days of ensiling. Since LL is a legume, it contains low soluble carbohydrate and high buffering capacity. Therefore silage additives such as rice bran (RB) should be added (Thepprapakarn, 2001). However, the report on mimosine residue and β-carotene content in leucaena leaf silage (LLS) is still limited, therefore this study aimed Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 283 to determine the quality and chemical composition of LLS during 111 days of ensiling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh LL leaves with green petioles are chopped into 2-5 cm length and mixed with rice bran and water at the ratio of 100:20:20 (w/w). Then the mixture was filled in 2 layer plastic bags (26 kg each), vacuumed, closed tightly and kept for 21, 51, 81 and 111 days. At the end of each period, 5 bags were randomly opened and the samples were taken for Proximate and Detergent analysis (AOAC, 1984; Georing and Van Soest, 1970). Physical quality of the silage was evaluated by organoleptic test (Gross, 1982). The pH was determined according to Bal et al. (1997). The concentrations of lactic, acetic and butyric acids were analysed by distillation (Zimmer, 1966). Mimosine and β-carotene content were analysed by the modified methods of Hegarty et al. (1964). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical composition of ingredient and LLS Chemical compositions of LL, RB and LLS ensiled with RB are shown in table 1. Crude protein of fresh LL in this experiment is higher than that reported by Göhl (1975) but lower than that reported by Cheva-Isarakul (1982) who reported 21.0 and 26.0% CP, respectively. It might be due to the age of plant, the ratio of leaves, stems and pods as well as season and cultivation condition. NDF and ADF were similar to those Table 1 Chemical compositions (DM basis) of fresh leucaena leaves (LL), rice bran (RB) and leucaena silage (LLS). DM OM CP EE Ash NDF1/ ADF1/ ADL NFC pH (% DM) LL 30.49 92.01 23.50 3.08 7.99 39.14 23.70 8.67 26.29 6.03 RB 91.01 90.72 12.70 10.55 9.28 19.75 9.71 1.52 47.72 - LL2/ 37.07 91.89 22.82 7.95 8.11 34.76 16.54 5.01 26.36 5.08 1/ ash free 2/ ensiled with 20% rice bran
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
Page 31 and 32: under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
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Page 81: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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