April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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290 natural mineral soils, the soil samples were collected from different sites of Somali region and from Zeway area of East Showa zone, Oromiya Regional State. The sites in Somali region were selected from Jijiga and Shinile zones based on the suggestion of Somali Regional Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Research Institute (SoRPARI) and the clan leaders. Soil samples were collected from the sites (Arabi, Jair, Hermokale and Bole) where pastoralists mostly use for mineral supplementation to their animals. Individual natural mineral soil was collected using hoe to the depth of 30 cm from three different spots which fall in the radius of 50 to 70 m. Soil samples were mixed together and then filled into a plastic collection bag, labeled and stored at room temperature. A total of four composite soil samples from the study sites were taken and analyzed for physical and chemical properties at National Soil Laboratory for Research Center (NSLRC). Analysis of each sample was run in duplicate. The pH and electrical conductivity of the soils were measured according to the procedure of Landon (1984). Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). Sodium and potassium were analysed by flame photometer (Black, 1965). Organic carbon was determined following the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black (1934). Available phosphorus was determined following Olsen methods (Olsen et al., 1954). Total nitrogen was determined using the modified Kjeldahl method (Jakson, 1958). Liver tissue collection and analysis A total of sixteen sheep (two sheep from each treatment group) were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine liver mineral contents. Liver tissue samples of 50 to 100 g were taken from the right lobule of liver of individual animal. The samples were stored frozen until analysed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Co using flame atomic <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) absorption spectrophotometer (Perkins-Elmer, Model 2380). Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the PROC ANOVA procedure of SAS (1999). Differences among treatment means were evaluated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (Cody and Smith, 1997). The statistical model used was: yij = µ+ Ti + εij Where, Yij = Response variable (body weight gain, mineral intake and mineral in liver tissue) µ = Overall mean Ti = The effect of ith treatment (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) εij = Residual effect RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical properties of the mineral soils Most naturally occurring mineral deficiencies in livestock are associated with specific regions, and they are related to both soil mineral concentration and soil characteristics (McDowell 1986). Physical properties of mineral soils collected from different sites are presented in Table 1. pH of the soil samples ranged from 8.0 for soils from Arabi to 9.5 for soils from Bole sites indicating that they were alkaline in nature. The pH values soils was higher than the pH values (ranged from 7.86 to 8.05) of natural mineral soil from Southern low lands of Ethiopia (Kabaija and Little, 1987; Fikre, 1990). Colours of the soils varied from site to site ranging from dark brown to light brownish colours. The soil textures varied from silt to loam. The soils in Jair and Hermokale areas were predominantly silt loam but Arabi soil were silt in texture whereas Bole soils were sandy clay. The color and texture of individual natural soils are as shown in Figure 1.
<strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 291 Figure 1 Mineral soil collected from different localities A) Arabi soil, B) Jair soil, C) Hermokale soil, D) Bole soil, E) Complete mineral lick. Table 1 Physical properties of soil licks collected from different locations in Ethiopia. Items Jair Hermokale Arabi Bole pH 9.3 8.6 8.0 9.5 Sand,% 11 17 9.0 49 Silt, % 64 70 84 10 Clay, % 25 13 7.0 41 Texture Silt loam Silt loam Silt Sandy clay Chemical composition of the mineral soils Minerals and certain chemical characteristics of mineral soils are shown in Table 2 and 3. The organic carbon in the soils ranged from 0.28 % for soils from Jair to 1.07 % for soils from Hermokale area. Bole soils were less in nitrogen than soils from any other sites in the Somali region. Based on the critical levels set by Mtimuni (1982) and McDowell (1983) for tropical soils, Arabi, Jair and Hermokale soils are sufficient in Na, Ca, K and Mg. Therefore, the soils can be used as supplements for certain macro element. Arabi, Jair and Hermokale soils had lower K and P and higher Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu, than Bole soil. The macro mineral composition of Bole reported by Mohammed et al. (1989) and Adugna (1990)
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
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moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 77 and 78: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 277
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
Page 139 and 140: RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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