April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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238 comparing to the control. There was a significant correlation between the germination of seeds treated by field weathering and by controlled deterioration (r=0.964**, n=11), as well as the viability of seeds subjected to these two treatments (r=0.716*, n=11). The correlation between the germination of seeds treated by field weathering and by incubator weathering was not obvious. However, there was a significant correlation between the viability of seeds treated by field weathering and by incubator weathering (r=0.697*, n=11). To a certain extent, the controlled deterioration treatment was more efficient for indicating the field weathering resistance of soybean than the incubator weathering treatment. The correlation between the germination of seeds treated by incubator weathering and by controlled deterioration was not obvious. There was only a correlation between the viability of seeds treated by incubator weathering and by controlled deterioration (r=0.739**, n=11). All the tested varieties/lines showed higher germination and viability than CM60. Among these varieties/lines, Kalitor, a variety with black seed coat and high percentage of hardseedness, showed high germination and viability in every treatment. It is a useful resource for future breeding programs of soybean field weathering resistance. Application of incubator weathering and controlled deterioration on F 2 progenies The field weathering resistance of 139 F 2 plants was investigated by incubator weathering and controlled deterioration treatment. For incubator weathering treatment, the seed germination of the F 2 progenies ranged from 21.3 to 81.6%, whereas those of their parents, CM60 and GC10981, were 34.7% and 75%, respectively. The viability of the F 2 progenies varied from 47.8 to 95.6%, whereas those of CM60 and GC10981 were 59.7% and 93.4%, respectively. For controlled deterioration test, the germination of the F 2 progenies extended from 20 to 82%, <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) whereas those of CM60 and GC10981 were 32% and 72%, respectively. The viability of the F 2 progenies ranged from 44 to 90%, whereas those of CM60 and GC10981 were 54% and 94%, respectively. The distribution of the germination and viability of the F 2 progenies are shown in Figure 1. The germination and viability of the seeds under both treatments showed normal distribution (skewness < ± 0.5, kurtosis < ± 0.1). There was a significant correlation between the incubator weathering and the controlled deterioration as assessed by germination (r=0.331**, n=139) and viability (r=0.425**, n=139). Both treatments could be used for evaluating the field weathering resistance of soybean seeds. DISCUSSION Since the field weathering occurs under the hot and humid conditions in the field after the seeds are physiologically mature, the most common procedure for evaluating seed resistance to field weathering is to leave the plants in the field beyond the normal harvest period and then assess the quality of the seed by visual score, examining seed-borne fungi, seed vigor, or use a combination of these assessment methods. This delayed harvest technique for evaluating the field weathering has several limitations, for example, genotypes matured at different times are subjected to different environmental weathering stresses and different periods of weathering. It is difficult to apply the same environmental stress conditions to cultivars of different maturities by delayed harvest. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of delayed harvest, Kueneman (1982) developed spreader row and overhead irrigation techniques to accelerate weathering based on the delayed harvest method and found the cultivar differences were highly significant. Artificial seed weathering methods, such as incubator weathering, can minimize the effects of variable pod maturity. In
Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0 40 30 20 10 0 50.0 30.0 40.0 IW germination CM60 GC10981 CM60 60.0 50.0 60.0 Germination (%) IW viability 70.0 Viability (%) 80.0 70.0 <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 239 90.0 80.0 GC10981 0 20.0 Germination (%) Figure 1 The distribution of seed germination and viability of the F 2 progenies after being subjected to incubator weathering (IW) and controlled deterioration (CD) test. The skewness and kurtosis for each distribution are as follows: IW germination (0.079, -0.523), CD germination (-0.319, -0.742), IW viability (0.199, 0.656), CD viability (-0.395, 0.721). experiment A of this study, three incubator weathering treatments were carried out to identify the difference between susceptible variety CM60 and resistant variety GC10981. After the fresh yellow pods were incubated at 30°C and 90-100% relative humidity for 10 days, a serious pathogen infection occurred, and some seeds even germinated during the incubation. The remaining seeds had lost their germinating ability (0% germination) and showed a very low viability (19.5% and 27.3%). Increasing the temperature and shortening the incubating time (35°C, 7 days) Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 40 30 20 10 0 40.0 CM60 30.0 CM60 50.0 CD germination 40.0 60.0 50.0 CD viability 70.0 Viability (%) 60.0 GC10981 70.0 GC10981 80.0 80.0 90.0 reduced the pathogen infection and germination during incubation, but the treatment still caused serious damage to the seeds. This treatment had been successfully used to identify the field weathering difference between CM60 and GC10981 by Kaowanant (2003). However, the constant temperature at 35°C practically does not occur in the soybean field. By reducing the temperature (30°C, 7 days), the pathogen growth and seed germination during incubation were controlled. The results showed obvious differences in germination and viability between CM60 and
Page 1 and 2: April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
Page 3 and 4: KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
Page 5 and 6: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
Page 7 and 8: harvesting time which started from
Page 9 and 10: y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
Page 11 and 12: pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
Page 15 and 16: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
Page 17 and 18: Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
Page 21 and 22: Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page 25 and 26: CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
Page 29 and 30: difference of soil texture used in
Page 31 and 32: under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37: moisture content increment after so
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
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considered responsible for low prod
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 291
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mineral supplementation suggested b
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Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
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SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
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genes covering a variety of desirab
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mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
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5. Purification by various sucrose
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as the culture period increased. So
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culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 311 -
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GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
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ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
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spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
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cells often displayed an increased
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LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
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for alternative sources of supply.
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BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
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supplement with glutamate (Iida et
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optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 389
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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