April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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214 morphological characteristics of spike, labellum and anther crest. Schumann (1904) used the characteristics of anther crest and classified Amomum into 2 sections and 4 series. Section Geanthus was divided into 2 series, series Oliganthae and Polyanthae, distinguished by the absence of an anther crest. Section Euamomum was comprised of series Lobulatae and Integrae, characterized by an anther crest. Gagnepain (1906) separated Amomum into 3 groups based on the characteristics of floral morphology such as anther crest and lateral staminode. Loesener (1930) classified Amomum into 2 main groups using anther crest, Lobulatae and Integrae. Xia et al. (2004) investigated the phylogenetic status of Amomum using ITS and matK DNA sequence data. They indicated that Amomum as currently defined is polyphyletic with three major groups of species (A. villosum Group, A. tsao-ko Group and A. maximum Group) that do not correspond with any previously recognized sectional classification of the genus. They also mentioned that some morphological characters such as anther crest and fruit type could be useful for classification. The AFLP technique has been used to study genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in a wide range of plant species; Lubberstedt et al. (2000) studied relationships among early European maize inbreds, Garcia- Mass et al. (2000) used AFLP marker for measuring genetic diversity in melon, Abdalla et al. (2001) used AFLP marker for estimating genetic relationships across a wide range of taxonomic levels and for analyzing the evolutionary and historical development of cotton cultivars at the genomic level, Larson et al. (2001) studied AFLP variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of western North America, Mizumoto et al. (2003) used AFLP for studying the diversity of nuclear and chloroplast genome in wild einkorn wheat (Triticum urartu). Because the relationships within genus Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) Amomum and other genera in tribe Alpinioideae are still incompletely understood, a more detailed analysis using other molecular techniques is necessary. Knowledge of the genetic relationships among them is essential to the classification of the genus. This study was intended to determine genetic relationships among species of the Amomum genus occurring in Thailand using AFLP markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant materials Forty accessions of Amomum and 5 accessions of outgroup taxa: Alpinia, Elettaria, Etlingera 1, Etlingera 2 and Geostachys were used in this study (Table 1). All plant materials were grown and kept at Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. DNA isolation and AFLP analysis Total genomic DNAs were extracted from 100 mg fresh young leaves using Qiagen DNeasy ® Plant Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). AFLP analysis was performed following the method of Vos et al. (1995) with minor modifications. From each sample, 2 templates were prepared by digesting 20-50 ng DNA with the restriction enzyme combination EcoRI-MseI and by ligating the corresponding oligonucleotide adaptors in a total volume of 10 µl. Preselective PCR amplification with primers corresponding to adaptor core sequences (E+A and M+C) was performed in a 10 µl reaction containing 3 µl of AFLP template. PCR contained 10X PCR buffer, 0.5 µmol/L of each primer, 1 µmol/L of each dNTP, and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas, Lithuania) and was performed using a Biosystems Mod. Gene Amp ® PCR system 9700 (Biosystems, Montgomeryville, PA). PCR conditions consisted of 1 cycle of 5 min at 50°C, 1 cycle of 3 min at 94°C, 24 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 24 cycles of 1
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215 Table 1 List of Thai Amomum accessions and outgroup taxa used in AFLP study. Accessions Species Collected number Collected places(provinces) 1 A. aculeatum Roxb. Kaewsri-02 Kanchanaburi 2 A. biflorum Jack Kaewsri-52 Chanthaburi 3 A. dealbatum Roxb. Kaewsri-110 Chiang Mai 4 A. koenigii 1 Kaewsri-03 Kanchanaburi 5 A. koenigii 2 Kaewsri-29 Nakhon Nayok 6 A. micranthum Ridl. Kaewsri-63 Chanthaburi 7 A. repoense Gagnep. Kaewsri-64 Chanthaburi 8 A. rivale1* Kaewsri-04 Kanchanaburi 9 A. rivale2* Kaewsri-23 Kanchanaburi 10 A. cf. rivale Kaewsri-33 Kanchanaburi 11 A. siamense Craib Kaewsri-14 Tak 12 A. testaceum 1 Kaewsri-15 Tak (Cultivated) 13 A. testaceum 2 Kaewsri-16 Tak (Cultivated) 14 A. testaceum 3 Kaewsri-17 Tak (Cultivated) 15 A. testaceum 4 Kaewsri-96 Tak (Cultivated) 16 Amomum cf. testaceum Kaewsri-86 Chumphon 17 A. uliginosum1 Kaewsri-30 Nakhon Nayok 18 A. uliginosum2 Kaewsri-92 Tak 19 A. uliginosum3 Kaewsri-32 Trat 20 A. cf. villosum1 Kaewsri-12 Tak (Cultivated) 21 A. cf. villosum2 Kaewsri-13 Tak 22 Amomum sp.1 Kaewsri-01 Kanchanaburi 23 Amomum sp.2 Kaewsri-10 Kanchanaburi 24 Amomum sp.3 Kaewsri-19 Prachuap Khiri Khan 25 Amomum sp.4 Kaewsri-22 Kanchanaburi 26 Amomum sp.5 Kaewsri-24 Kanchanaburi 27 Amomum sp.6a Kaewsri-113 Chiang Mai 28 Amomum sp.6b Kaewsri-88 Tak 29 Amomum sp.7 Kaewsri-27 Uthai Thani 30 Amomum sp.8 Kaewsri-35 Ranong 31 Amomum sp.9 Kaewsri-38 Ranong 32 Amomum sp.10 Kaewsri-50 Sakon Nakhon 33 Amomum sp.11 Kaewsri-68 Chumphon 34 Amomum sp.12 Kaewsri-70 Chumphon 35 Amomum sp.13 Kaewsri-81 Ranong 36 Amomum sp.14 Kaewsri-94 Tak 37 Amomum sp.15 Kaewsri-108 Chiang Mai 38 Amomum sp.16 Kaewsri-111 Chiang Mai 39 Amomum sp.17a Kaewsri-134 Nan 40 Amomum sp.17b Kaewsri-138 Nan 41 Alpinia nigra - Cultivated at KU 42 Elettaria cardamomum - Tak 43 Etlingera littoralis - Kanchanaburi 44 Etlingera pavieana - Chanthaburi 45 Geostachys sp. - Nakhon Nayok The number 1, 2, 3 or 4 of each species = Amomum’s specimens that were collected from different places.
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Page 7 and 8: harvesting time which started from
Page 9 and 10: y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
Page 11 and 12: pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Page 17 and 18: Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
Page 19 and 20: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 219
Page 21 and 22: Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page 23 and 24: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 223
Page 25 and 26: CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
Page 29 and 30: difference of soil texture used in
Page 31 and 32: under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
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was collected and washed with 70% e
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expected size was amplified with 35
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eaction technique has been used for
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Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
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calculated TF value calculated TF v
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sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
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1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
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of all LLS samples in this study we
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Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
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considered responsible for low prod
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mineral supplementation suggested b
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Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
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SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
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genes covering a variety of desirab
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mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
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5. Purification by various sucrose
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as the culture period increased. So
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culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 311 -
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GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
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ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
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spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
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cells often displayed an increased
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LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
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for alternative sources of supply.
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BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
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supplement with glutamate (Iida et
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optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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