April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 288 - 299 (2007) Effects of Natural Mineral Soils on Body Weight and Liver Minerals of Black Head Somali Sheep in Ethiopia Sisay Tilahun1 , Pravee Vijchulata2 *, Pornsri Chairatanayuth2 and Suwapong Swasdiphanich3 ABSTRACT The effects of different mineral soils on body weight and liver mineral concentration were investigated using 48 Black Head Somali Sheep in Jijiga Somali region, Ethiopia. The soil samples collected from 4 different sites were compared with a complete mineral mix and a control non supplement treatment. Chemical composition of the soils indicated that they all are alkaline. Arabi, Jair and Hermokale soils from different localities had adequate amount of Ca, K and Mg whereas Mn, Fe and Zn were below the recommended standard by 76 to 95%, 87 to 97% and 68 to 88%, respectively. The mean daily mineral intakes of sheep supplemented with Jair, Hermokale, Arabi and Bole soil were 18.14, 16.51, 16.02 and 11.86 grams/sheep/day, respectively. No significant differences were observed in mineral intake among Jair, Arabi and Hermokale groups. When compared to other treatment the daily weight gain (mean 74.79 g), and total weight gain (mean 8.98 kg) were recorded highest (p0.05) in liver minerals of sheep provided with different mineral soils. Liver Mg in sheep from Bole treatment group was significantly different when compared to those receiving Jair, Hermokale and Arabi soils. In addition, when compared to animals fed on different minerals soils, mineral concentration in the liver of sheep fed Bole soil was lower (p>0.05) in Mn (5.49 ppm) and Zn (92 ppm) than those from the other groups. Keywords: Mineral soils, weight gain, Black Head Somali sheep, liver minerals INTRODUCTION In the lowland parts of Ethiopia, sheep rearing has been hampered over the years primarily due to non-availability of good quality and adequate feeds. During the dry season when the available forage is low in both quantity and quality what usually occurs is loss of live weight, low birth weight, lower resistance to disease and poor fertility. In Somali region, sheep usually suffer from diseases resulting from shortage of feed and mineral deficiencies. Mineral imbalance (deficiencies or excesses) in soil and forages were 1 Somali Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Research Institute P. O. Box 398, Jijiga, Ethiopia. 2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900,Thailand. 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. * Corresponding author, e-mail: agrpvv@ku.ac.th Received date : 10/01/07 Accepted date : 19/03/07
considered responsible for low productive and reproductive performance of grazing ruminants in the tropics (McDowell et al., 1997). Mineral deficiencies are considered to be one of the nutritional constraints to animal productivity. Poor body conditions, slow live weight gain, low fertility and high mortality are normally observed in mineral-deficient animals (McDowell et al., 1983; Vijchulata, 1995). The main sources of mineral for animals in the Somali region are salty water, shrub plants and natural mineral soils. The soil mineral known as Carro is found in vast area of Afder, Degehabour, Gode, Jijiga, Liben and Shinile zones. It is commonly observed that pastoralists in these zones feed natural mineral soils to animals. Considerable use is being made of the natural mineral licks since they are relatively free and are easily obtained as compared to complete mineral mixture. Supplementation with multi-nutrient blocks and local mineral soils such as Bole and Megadua in some parts of Ethiopia may provide an adequate or even excess amount of most of the essential minerals except phosphorus (Tolera and Said, 1994). Studies regarding mineral supplementation have not been conducted in the region. Moreover, attention has not been paid to its effect on Black Head Somali (BHS) sheep. The main objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the mineral composition of these soils, and to evaluate the effect of their supplementation in comparison to Bole soil and complete mineral mixture on body weight and liver mineral concentrations of BHS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and management The study was conducted in Jijiga Somali Region from July to October 2004. Forty eight males BHS sheep about 12 months of age weighing 20–25 kg were randomized by weight Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 289 assigned to six groups of eight sheep each. Prior to the commencement of the experiment, the animal were kept for 15 days for adaptation and to observe their health status. All animals were ear-tagged. They were also provided with neck strips of six different colours for group identification. All the animals were drenched with a broad-spectrum antihelmentic and vaccinated against Anthrax, Pasteuriolosis and Blackleg diseases. The natural mineral soil Arabi soil, Jair soil and Hermokale soil were collected from Jijiga and Shinile districts, Somali region, Bole soil was collected from Zeway district, Oromiya region and complete mineral lick from Thailand (Phosrich Rockie: Phillips International Co. Ltd.). Six treatment groups were randomly assigned to mineral supplementation. Group I (control) was not supplemented. Group II, III, IV, V were supplemented with Arabi soil, Jair soil, Hermokale soil and Bole soil, respectively. Group VI was provided with complete mineral lick. Sheep barn was constructed using eucalyptus wood with 19 m × 5 m dimension and was divided into 48 equal pens (1m × 0.8m) for individual feeding of the minerals and to accommodate the animals at night. Sheep were allowed to graze together in flock on the same pasture from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. Between 12:30 pm and 1:30 pm and 6:00 pm to 8:00 am the animals were driven into their pens where they were fed individually with their respective mineral supplements. Mineral soils were offered ad libitum in the boxes which were fixed at the corner of individual sheep pen. Mineral residues were weighed on weekly basis and intakes for each sheep were calculated. The animals were weighed on monthly basis through out the experimental period. All the experimental animals were provided ad libitum with water in the pens. Soil sampling and analysis To study the mineral content of different
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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