April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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386 Proposed algorithms Since the exact values of the reference costs were not known, they could be initially set to their upper bounds in which all other rawmaterial delivery performances, besides the one corresponding to the considered raw material, (k 1,i : ∀i ≠ i’ and k 2,j : ∀j ≠ j’) were set at their lower bounds. The estimated reference costs of the raw materials in every stage were sorted in a nondecreasing order and the values were recalculated as in Equations (19) and (21). This solution finding algorithm was specified as Algorithm 1. From the preliminary testing, it was found that when the estimated values of reference costs were not much different from each other or from the opportunity cost, Algorithm 1 may not always provide the optimal solutions. Algorithm 2 was then proposed. Again, the reference costs of the raw materials in every stage were sorted as in Algorithm 1. At the initial step, the delivery performances and safety stocks of all raw materials were set to their lower bounds. The delivery performances and safety stocks of WIP and finished product were found from the decision rules presented in the previous section, accordingly. The total cost was calculated and recorded. Then, the delivery performance and safety stock of each raw material in each stage were increased to their upper bounds, one by one, corresponding to the non-decreasing order of the <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) raw-material reference costs. The delivery performances and safety stocks of WIP and finished product, including the total costs, were recalculated and recorded at every step. Finally, the minimum total cost and the best solution were identified. A numerical example In this section, a small example, consisting of three raw materials in stage 1 and two raw materials in stage 2, was presented. The data for this example was given in Table 1. The opportunity cost was assumed to be 8.44 baht. Algorithm 1: The initial reference costs for stage-1 raw materials 1, 2 and 3 were found to be 2.1778, 5.4652 and 9.2014 baht, respectively. Thus, the stage-1 raw material order followed the natural order. The reference costs for RM 1, RM 2 and RM 3 were recalculated and their values became 2.1778, 5.1868 and 8.1043 baht, respectively. Following the proposed decision rules, the safety stocks of RM 1 and RM 2 should be set to their upper bounds, which were 8 and 10 units, respectively. The safety stock for RM 3 and WIP were found unnecessary. Next, the initial reference costs for stage- 2 raw materials 4 and 5 were found to be 7.5490 and 5.5337 baht, respectively. Hence, the Table 1 Data for a small example with three raw materials in stage 1 and two raw materials in stage 2. Materials q q* p c Initial ref. Ref. cost Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2 cost (baht) (baht) k x k x RM 1 157 149 0.9490 2.86 2.1778 2.1778 1.0000 8 1.0000 8 RM 2 139 129 0.9281 8.29 5.4652 5.1868 1.0000 10 0.9281 0 RM 3 244 242 0.9918 7.44 9.2014 8.1043 0.9918 0 0.9918 0 WIP 232 224 0.9655 9.40 - 16.5918 0.9576 0 0.8887 0 RM 4 117 107 0.9145 8.88 7.5490 6.9549 1.0000 10 0.9145 0 RM 5 216 199 0.9213 3.50 5.5337 5.5337 1.0000 17 1.0000 17 Product 173 156 0.9017 7.20 - - 1.0000 23.61 1.0000 46.21 Total cost 424.1001 415.0962 (baht)
algorithm would consider RM 5, prior to RM 4. The reference costs of RM 4 and RM 5 were recalculated and found to be 6.9549 and 5.5337 baht. Thus, the safety stocks of RM 4 and RM 5 were set to their upper bounds, which are 10 and 17 units, respectively. Finally, the product safety stock was computed and set to 23.61 units. The corresponding total cost is 424.10 baht. Algorithm 2: Following the initial reference costs found in Algorithm 1, the priority for increasing raw-material safety stock levels would be in the orders of RM 1 – RM 2 – RM 3 and RM 5 – RM 4. Twenty-four solutions were evaluated and <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 387 shown in Table 2. From the Table, the sixth solution provided the minimum total cost of 415.10 baht, with the safety stock levels set to 8 units for RM 1, 17 units for RM 5, and 46.21 units for the finished product. Algorithm 2 provided a superior solution to Algorithm 1 for this test instance. RESULTS To facilitate the implementation, Algorithms 1 and 2 were coded in MATLAB® 6.5. Both algorithms were tested on 75 test instances (from 5 test problem sets, each with 15 instances) in Siribanluoewut (2006). Table 3 presented structures of the test instances and the Table 2 The twenty-four solutions evaluated by Algorithm 2. No. Safety Stocks (units) Total cost RM 1 RM 2 RM 3 WIP RM 4 RM 5 Product (baht) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 62.14 447.42 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 56.19 427.44 3 8 10 0 0 0 0 47.13 445.15 4 8 10 2 0 0 0 46.09 452.54 5 0 0 0 0 0 17 52.67 438.73 6 8 0 0 0 0 17 46.21 415.10 7 8 10 0 0 0 17 36.38 427.23 8 8 10 2 0 0 17 35.25 433.98 9 0 0 0 0 10 17 41.43 446.56 10 8 0 0 0 10 17 34.36 418.58 11 8 10 0 0 10 17 23.61 424.10 12 8 10 2 0 10 17 22.38 430.09 13 0 0 0 36.33 0 0 41.56 640.70 14 8 0 0 25.82 0 0 41.56 564.82 15 8 10 0 9.84 0 0 41.56 497.48 16 8 10 2 8.00 0 0 41.56 495.10 17 0 0 0 36.33 0 17 30.33 619.36 18 8 0 0 25.82 0 17 30.33 543.48 19 8 10 0 9.84 0 17 30.33 476.14 20 8 10 2 8.00 0 17 30.33 473.76 21 0 0 0 36.33 10 17 17.00 612.16 22 8 0 0 25.82 10 17 17.00 536.28 23 8 10 0 9.84 10 17 17.00 468.94 24 8 10 2 8.00 10 17 17.00 466.56
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
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moisture content increment after so
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Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
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School, Kasetsart University. The a
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for combining ability of lines (Lam
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selective mass sibbing within indiv
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Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
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composite sets as used in this stud
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days. The numbers of calli producin
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the report of Ching (1982) showing
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clearly amplified bands generated b
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caused by either the recombination
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Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
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Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
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was collected and washed with 70% e
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expected size was amplified with 35
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eaction technique has been used for
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Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
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calculated TF value calculated TF v
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sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
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1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
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of all LLS samples in this study we
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Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
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considered responsible for low prod
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mineral supplementation suggested b
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Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
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SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
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genes covering a variety of desirab
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mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
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5. Purification by various sucrose
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as the culture period increased. So
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culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
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GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
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ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
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spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
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cells often displayed an increased
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LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
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for alternative sources of supply.
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BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
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supplement with glutamate (Iida et
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optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
Page 139 and 140: RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
Page 141 and 142: Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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Page 145 and 146: dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
Page 147 and 148: The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
Page 149 and 150: enzyme and cells were maximized by
Page 151 and 152: of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
Page 153 and 154: Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
Page 155 and 156: Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
Page 157 and 158: MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
Page 159 and 160: without coating and coated with pec
Page 161 and 162: in Table 5-7. It was found that the
Page 165 and 166: the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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Page 169 and 170: y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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Page 175 and 176: As the 25 companies were divided in
Page 177 and 178: All the data comes up with informat
Page 179 and 180: as piece “A” or straight as pie
Page 181 and 182: et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
Page 183 and 184: p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
Page 185: c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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Page 191 and 192: the maximum deviation of about 10%.
Page 193 and 194: Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
Page 195 and 196: which dynamically and automatically
Page 197 and 198: 2. Framework architecture and compo
Page 199 and 200: Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
Page 201 and 202: Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 203 and 204: Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
Page 205 and 206: and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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