April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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292 was similar to what was found in the present study. However, in contrast to their studies Mn (0.90 ppm) and Zn (0.50 ppm) were found extremely low in the present study. This could be due to the difference in soil sampling site. In the present study, all of the mineral soils collected from four sites in the region could not be used as phosphate supplement for sheep as they contain relatively low amount of this mineral than the 10 ppm critical level suggested by McDowell (1997). This is in agreement with the works of (Kabaija and Little, 1987; Mohamed et al., 1989; Fikre, 1990) who found that soils from Central and Eastern parts of Ethiopia low in phosphorus. Phosphorus deficiency results in reduced growth and feed deficiency, decreased appetite, impaired reproduction and weak fragile bone (Underwood, 1981). The Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in all the soil samples were below critical level at 19 ppm for Fe set by Mtimuni (1982) and at 19 ppm and 2 ppm for Mn and Zn by McDowell (1997). Comparing to the stipulated critical levels, Fe, Mn and Zn were found to deficit by 87 to 96%, 76 to 95% and 68 to 82%, respectively. The fact that the Bole soils in this study had lower Mn, Zn and Cu than the suggested <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) Table 2 Macro mineral compositions of soils collected from different sites. Sites Ca P Mg K Na Jair, ppm 39.42 2.06 16.20 5.07 191.00 Hermokale, ppm 52.20 8.00 6.91 5.26 179.00 Arabi, ppm 67.86 6.30 8.42 6.31 60.32 Bole, ppm 4.10 2.54 0.98 3.35 84.73 Complete mineral, % 8.19 10.01 0.50 - 20.78 Table 3 Micro mineral composition (ppm), Total Nitrogen and Organic Carbon of soils collected from different sites. Sites Fe Cu Co Mn Se Zn I TN (%) OC (%) Jair 2.42 2.22 - 2.36 - 0.36 - 0.05 0.28 Hermokale 1.78 1.50 - 4.58 - 0.64 - 0.07 1.07 Arabi 0.78 0.66 - 2.96 - 0.50 - 0.09 0.98 Bole 1.00 0.28 - 0.90 - 0.50 - 0.04 0.67 Complete mineral 3,000.00 - 50.00 2,500.00 100.00 300.00 300.00 2.07 - critical values. This was on the contrary to what was reported by Kabaija and Little (1987) and Fikre (1990) for Southern parts of Ethiopia. This may be attributed to the difference in the time and/ or the specific area the soil samples were collected. The Cu content of the soils from Jair and Hermokale was higher than the critical level of 0.6 ppm (Mtimuni, 1982) but there was a high degree of variation among samples. Apart from Ethiopia, Cu deficient soils have also been reported in several other African countries (Sillanpää, 1982). The current study is in agreement with the result of Faye et al. (1983) who reported that Cu and Zn were deficient in forage taken from rangelands in Southern part of Ethiopia. Blood et al. (1983) also reported that if the amount of copper in the diet is inadequate and copper deficiency may occur. Composition of the natural mineral soil in the area indicated that Na was the dominant mineral. According to NRC (1985) recommendation, an appropriate mineral supplement should contain at least 0.04% to 0.10% Na. The current study indicated that Jair soil was found the highest in Na concentration compared to other mineral soils (Table 2). Although, macro minerals in the soil are high compared to the requirement of
mineral supplementation suggested by NRC (1985) but it may not be sufficient to fulfill the mineral requirement. Moreover, micro minerals in the soil were below sufficient levels for mineral supplementation. Individual minerals should be adjusted to meet a minimum of 50% of the daily intake requirement of the sheep while formulating mineral supplement. If the imbalance minerals were rectified to meet standard mineral mixture requirement, the soils would be more beneficial to animals. Mineral intake and live weight of the sheep The mineral intake and live weight change of sheep during the experimental period are presented in Table 3. The mean daily mineral intake of sheep supplemented with mineral soils of Jair, Hermokale, Arabi, Bole and complete mineral were 18.14, 16.51, 16.02, 11.86 and 15.00 gram/head, respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in mineral intake among the sheep fed with soils from Arabi, Jair and Hermokale areas. The lowest mineral intake was recorded for sheep fed with Bole soil (11.86 g/day) from Zeway area. Bole soil had lower Cu (0.28 ppm), Mn (0.80 ppm) and Zn (0.50 ppm) than the suggested critical values set by Mtimuni (1982) and McDowell (1983). When compared to all other mineral soils the level of K in Bole soil was higher. However, it had lower concentration of Na, Ca and Mg. The imbalance <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 293 of minerals of Bole soil may attribute to the lower mineral intake by the animals. Khalili, (1993) reported that sodium deficiency which was evident in central parts of Ethiopia usually causes increased soil ingestion among grazing livestock. The mean daily weight gains and total weight gain of sheep fed complete mineral mixture were significantly higher (p
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
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difference of soil texture used in
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under wet soil condition planting.
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tropics. Following the expansion, w
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sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
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moisture content increment after so
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Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 51 and 52: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 251 -
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 65 and 66: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 265
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 77 and 78: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 277
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 91: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 291
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
Page 123 and 124: LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
Page 125 and 126: for alternative sources of supply.
Page 127 and 128: BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
Page 129 and 130: supplement with glutamate (Iida et
Page 131 and 132: optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
Page 133 and 134: fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
Page 137 and 138: Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
Page 139 and 140: RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
Page 141 and 142: Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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