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224 Subgroup D (II) consists of A. testaceum 4, A. cf. villosum, Amomum sp.5, Amomum sp.7, A. uliginosum 2, Amomum sp.11, A. uliginosum 3, A. villosum 1, A. rivale 1, A. micranthum, A. rivale 2, A. cf. rivale, Amomum sp.8, Amomum sp.4 and Amomum sp.13. All members have spiny fruit and leafy stem less than 1.50 m tall. Regarding uliginosum 2 and 3 which were collected from Tak province, they were separated from A. uliginosum 1 and 4 (from Nakhon Nayok and Ranong provinces, respectively). Their morphological characteristics differ from the ones in C group in its shorter leafy stem and smaller inflorescence. A possible explanation for this is that their morphological characteristics were the result of long time adaptation in the surrounding habitats which resulted in two ecotypes of A. uliginosum. B cluster consists of E and F groups. It is characterized by smooth, ridged or winged fruit (rarely spiny fruit). E and F groups include Amomum sp.16, Amomum sp.3, Amomum sp.2, Amomum sp.17a, A. siamense, Amomum sp.6b, Amomum sp.6a, Amomum sp. 17b, A. dealbatum, Amomum sp. 15, Amomum sp. 10, Elettaria cardamomum, Alpinia nigra, Amomum sp. 1, Amomum sp.14, A. repoense and Etlingera pavieana. The dendrogram suggests the placement of smooth fruit (Amomum sp.16) between spiny and winged fruit. Similar to the result of Amomum sp.1 and 10 both of which are spiny fruit but were placed among winged fruit species. Amomum sp.17a and 17b from Nan province are similar in their morphology but were placed in different clusters. More study is needed to properly identify the position of these species. A.siamense with fruit longitudinally ridged is also placed in this group. This species should be closely related to winged fruit species. Although the cluster is not completely separated from the others, all winged fruit species are clearly placed. Therefore, the results have the tendency to be consistent with the A.maximum group of Xia et al. (2004). <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) The outgroup taxa (Alpinia, Elettaria, Etlingera and Geostachys) are placed among Amomum species. The result indicates a closer relationship among them and the spiny fruit species of Amomum. This result is similar to Xia et al. (2004) who found that Etlingera littoralis was placed in the clade of A.villosum group. The results then confirmed that Etlingera is related to the genus Amomum. Furthermore, some species of Alpinia, Elettaria and Geostachys are also closely related to the genus Amomum. Twenty-six representives of Thai Amomum can be classified into 3 groups by using AFLP evidence: A. aculeatum, A. biflorum and A. dealbatum groups. The A. aculeatum group consists of 4 species: A. koenigii, A. uliginosum, A. aculeatum and Amomum sp. 12. Species in this group have smooth and spotted or spiny fruit, anther crest 3 lobes, leafy stem stout and usually more than 1.5 m tall. The A. biflorum group contains 10 species: A. testaceum, Amomum cf. villosum, Amomum sp.4, Amomum sp.5, Amomum sp.7, Amomum sp.8, A.rivale, A. micranthum, Amomum sp.11 and Amomum sp.13. All members of this group are defined by smooth or spiny fruit. Most species of this group are spiny fruit. In the case of smooth fruit, its fruit shape is usually globular and fruit colour is white or pale brown. The leafy stem is usually slender and shorter than 1.5 m. The A. dealbatum group contains 12 species of Amomum: A. dealbatum, A. repoense, A. siamense, Amomum sp.1, Amomum sp.2, Amomum sp.3, Amomum sp.6, Amomum sp.10, Amomum sp.14, Amomum sp.15, Amomum sp.16 and Amomum sp.17. The species in this group are characterized by winged, ridged or smooth fruit (rarely spiny fruit and 3 lobes) and entire, round or truncate anther crest.
CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified Thai Amomum species into three groups (A. aculeatum group, A. biflorum group, and A. dealbatum group) which correspond to the fruit and leafy stem characteristics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to the curators of Bangkok Herbarium (BK) and Forest Herbarium (BKF) for their kind permission and suggestion during this study. Also, this work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity Research and Training grant T_14009. LITERATURE CITED Abdalla, A.M, O.U.K. Reddy and K.M. El-Zik. 2001. Genetic diversity and relationships of diploid and tetraploid cottons revealed using AFLP. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102: 222-229. Baker, J.G. 1892. Scitamineae, pp. 198-264. In J. D. Hooker. Flora of British India vol.VI. L. Reeve & Co., London. Burtt, B.L. and R.M. Smith. 1972. Key species in the taxonomic history of Zingiberaceae. Note RBG. Edinb. 31: 177-227. Dice, L.R. 1945. Measures of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology 26: 297-302. Gagnepain, F. 1906. Du Muséum. Bulletin de La Societé Botanique de France. 53: 136-145. Garcia-Mass, J., M. Oliver and H. Gomez- Paniagua. 2000. Comparing AFLP, RAPD and RFLP markers for measuring genetic diversity in melon. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 860-864. Kiew, K. Y. 1982. The genus Elettariopsis (Zingiberaceae) in Malaya. Notes RBG Edinb. 42: 295-314. Larson, S.R., B.L. Waldron, S.B. Monsen, L.St. <strong>Kasetsart</strong> J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 225 John, A.J. Palazzo, C.L. McCracken and R.D. Harrison. 2001. AFLP Variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of Western North America. Crop Sci. 41: 1300- 1305. Linnaeus, C. 1753. Monandria. In Species Plantarum-A facsimile of the first edition. London, Bernard Quaritch Ltd. 560 p. Loesener, T. 1930. Zingiberaceae (Amomum), pp.599-602. In A. Engler and K. Prantl, ed. Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Leipzig, E. Haberland. Lubberstedt, T., A. E. Melchinger, C. DuBle, M. Vuylsteke and M. Kuiper. 2000. Relationships among early European maize inbreds: IV. Genetic diversity revealed with AFLP markers and comparison with RFLP, RAPD, and pedigree data. Crop Sci. 40: 783-791. Mizumoto, K., S. Hirosawa, C. Nakamura and S. Takumi. 2003. Nuclear and chloroplast genome genetic diversity in the wild einkorn wheat, Triticum urartu, revealed by AFLP and SSLP analyses. Hereditas 137: 208-214. Rohlf, F.J. 1997. NTSYS-pc 2.01d: Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 2.01. Exeter Software, Setauket, NY. Sakai, S. and H. Nagamasu. 1998. Systematic studies of Bornean Zingiberaceae I. Amomum in Lambir Hills, Sarawak. Edinb. J. Bot. 55(1): 45-64. Schumann, K. 1904. Zingiberaceae, pp. 1-458. In A. Engler, ed. Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 20 (IV, 46) Leipzig. Sirirugsa, P. 2001. Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Pp. 63-77. In V. Baimai and R. Kumhom. BRT Research Reports 2001. Biodiversity Research and Training Program. Jirawat Express Co.,Ltd., Bangkok. Smith, R.M. 1985. A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae:1(Alpineae). Notes RBG Edinb. 42: 295-314. Vos, P., R. Hoger, M.Bleeker, M.Reijans, T. van
Page 1 and 2: April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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Page 5 and 6: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
Page 7 and 8: harvesting time which started from
Page 9 and 10: y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
Page 11 and 12: pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Page 17 and 18: Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
Page 21 and 22: Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Page 29 and 30: difference of soil texture used in
Page 31 and 32: under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71 and 72: eaction technique has been used for
Page 73 and 74: Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. G
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 277
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calculated TF value calculated TF v
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sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
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1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
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of all LLS samples in this study we
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Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
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considered responsible for low prod
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mineral supplementation suggested b
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Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
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SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
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genes covering a variety of desirab
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mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
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5. Purification by various sucrose
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as the culture period increased. So
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culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 311 -
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GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
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ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
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spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
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cells often displayed an increased
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LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
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for alternative sources of supply.
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BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
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supplement with glutamate (Iida et
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optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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