April - June 2007 - Kasetsart University

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272 pg/µl for VM3-VM4 primers. The target PCR product of 354 primers was located in chromosomal DNA of which Xcc carries a single copy per cell, lower than plasmid that Xcc carries multiple copies per cell (Mavrodieva et al., 2004). However, the novel 354 F/R primers gave more specific and reliable detection of Xcc than other primers. Real-time PCR techniques, which are based on hybridization of specific probe sequences, are faster and have higher sensitivity and specificity than classical PCR (Schaad et al, 2002). Combination of the new specificity primers (354 F/R) with real-time PCR technique will improve the efficacy of Xcc detection to be more specific, sensitive, accurate, reliable, and faster in the future work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful for the financial support from the Thailand Research Fund under the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program and Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute. The authors are also thankful to the kind support of bacterial cultures from Ms. Nuttima Boonwatana, Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture and Dr. Srimek Chowpongpang, Department of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, for his kind suggestions and support for cloning and sequencing of Xcc. LITERATURE CITED Brunings, A.M. and D.W. Gabriel. 2003. Xanthomonas citri: Breaking the surface. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4: 141-157. Gabriel, D.W. 1997. Targeting of protein signals from Xanthomonas to the nucleus. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 204-206. Gabriel, D.W., M.T. Kingley, J.E. Hunter and T.R. Gottwald. 1989. Reinstatement of Xanthomonas citri (ex Hasse) and X. phaseoli Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) (ex Smith) to species and reclassification of all X. campestris pv. citri strains. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39: 14-22. Hasse, C.H. 1915. Pseudomonas citri, the cause of citrus canker. J. Agric. Res. 4: 97-100. Hartung, J.S., J.F. Daniel and P. Pruvost. 1993. Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri by the polymerase chain reaction method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1143- 1148. Henson, J. and R. French. 1993. The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 31: 81-109. Kingsley, M.T. and L.K. Fritz. 2000. Identification of citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri A by fluorescent PCR assays.(Abstr.) Phytopathology 90 (suppl.): S42. Leach, J.E. and F.F. White. 1996. Bacterial virulence genes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34: 153-179. Mavrodieva, V., L. Levy and D.W. Gabriel. 2004. Improved sampling methods for real-time polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of citrus canker from field samples. Phytopathology 94: 61-68. Miyoshi, T., H. Sawada, Y. Tachibana and I. Matsuda. 1998. Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri by PCR using primers from the spacer region between the 16s and 23s rRNA genes. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 64: 249-254. Riker, A.J., F.R. Jones and M.C. Davis. 1935. Bacterial leaf spot of alfalfa. J. Agric. Res. 51, 177-182. OEPP/EPPO. 2005. List of A1 pests regulated as quarantine pests in the EPPO region. Available source: http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/ quarantine.htm, May 17, Schaad, N.W., J.B. Jones and W. Chun. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 3 rd ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN 373.
Schaad, N.W., D. Opgenorth and P. Gush. 2002. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for One-Hour On-Site Diagnosis of Pierce’s Disease of Grape in Early Season Asymptomatic Vines. Phytopathology 92: 721-728. Schaad, N.W., E. Postnikova, G.H. Lacy, A. Sechler, I. Agarkova, P.E. Stromberg, V.K. Stromberg and A.K. Vidaver. 2005. Reclassification of xanthomonas species pathogenic on citrus. Syst. and Appl. Microbiol. 28: 494-518 Schaad, N.W., E. Postnikova, G.H. Lacy, A. Sechler, I. Agarkova, P.E. Stromberg, V.K. Stromberg and A.K. Vidaver. 2006. Emended classification of xanthomonad pathogens on citrus. Syst. and Appl. Microbiol. 29:690- 695. Schoulties, C.L., E.L. Civerolo, J.W. Miller, R.E. Stall, C.J. Krass, S.R. Poe and E.P. DuCharme. 1987. Citrus canker in Florida. Plant Dis. 71: 388-395. Schubert, T.S., S.A. Rizvi, X. Sun, T.R. Gottwald, J.H. Graham and W.N. Dixon. 2001. Meeting challenge of eradicating citrus canker in Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 273 Florida-again. Plant Dis. 85: 340-356. Sun, X., R.E. Stall, J.B. Jones, J. Cubero, T.R. Gottwald, J.H. Graham, W.N. Dixon, T.S. Schubert, P.H. Chaloux, V.K. Stromberg, G.H. Lacy and B.D. Sutton. 2004. Detection and characterization of a new strain of citrus canker bacteria from Key/Mexican lime and alemow in South Florida. Plant Dis. 88: 1179- 1188. Verniere, C., J.S. Hartung, O.P. Pruvost, E.L. Civerolo, A.M. Alvarez, P. Maestri and J. Luisetti. 1998. Characterization of phenotypically distinct strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri from Southwest Asia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104: 477-487. Yue, H.G. and L. Orban. 2001. Rapid isolation of DNA from fresh and preserved fish scales for polymerase chain reaction. Mar. Biotechnol. 3: 199-204. Zaccardelli, M. and U. Mazzucchi. 1997. Shortcomings of PCR and protein electrophoregrams for the identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv.citri groups. Phytopath. Medit. 36: 12-18.
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April - June 2007 Volume 41 Number
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 205 -
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harvesting time which started from
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y Chen and Paull (2000). Figure 1 a
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pineapple fruit allowed the accumul
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 215
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Cluster analysis Cluster analysis u
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Page 21 and 22: Table 3 (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page 23 and 24: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41(2) 223
Page 25 and 26: CONCLUSION AFLP markers classified
Page 27 and 28: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 227 -
Page 29 and 30: difference of soil texture used in
Page 31 and 32: under wet soil condition planting.
Page 33 and 34: tropics. Following the expansion, w
Page 35 and 36: sealed in a plastic box with 1 cm w
Page 37 and 38: moisture content increment after so
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Frequency 30 20 10 0 20.0
Page 41 and 42: School, Kasetsart University. The a
Page 43 and 44: for combining ability of lines (Lam
Page 45 and 46: selective mass sibbing within indiv
Page 47 and 48: Although most of S 2-interfamily hy
Page 49 and 50: composite sets as used in this stud
Page 53 and 54: days. The numbers of calli producin
Page 55 and 56: the report of Ching (1982) showing
Page 57 and 58: clearly amplified bands generated b
Page 59 and 60: caused by either the recombination
Page 61 and 62: Kuhlmann, V. and B. Foroughi-Wehr.
Page 63 and 64: Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantif
Page 67 and 68: was collected and washed with 70% e
Page 69 and 70: expected size was amplified with 35
Page 71: eaction technique has been used for
Page 75 and 76: MATERIALS AND METHODS Model descrip
Page 79 and 80: calculated TF value calculated TF v
Page 81 and 82: sincere gratitude and deep apprecia
Page 83 and 84: 1989). In monogastrics, the inclusi
Page 85 and 86: of all LLS samples in this study we
Page 87 and 88: Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. Goe
Page 89 and 90: considered responsible for low prod
Page 93 and 94: mineral supplementation suggested b
Page 95 and 96: Body weight chane (kg/head) 32 30 2
Page 97 and 98: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With
Page 99 and 100: SAS. (Statistical Analysis System).
Page 101 and 102: genes covering a variety of desirab
Page 103 and 104: mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin) incub
Page 105 and 106: 5. Purification by various sucrose
Page 107 and 108: as the culture period increased. So
Page 109 and 110: culture, pp. 1-20. In L.C. Fowke an
Page 113 and 114: GC. Analytical methods Total carboh
Page 115 and 116: ash. The crude hot water polysaccha
Page 117 and 118: spirulan (H-SP), and a desulfated c
Page 121 and 122: cells often displayed an increased
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LITERATURE CITED Bell, T.A. and D.V
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for alternative sources of supply.
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BR2.1.2 formed the same clade with
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supplement with glutamate (Iida et
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optimal for S. limacinum BR2.1.2 fo
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fluorescent lamp at 1.5 kLux develo
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Wisconsin, USA). Total extracted RN
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RESULTS Cloning and sequencing of m
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Expression of rmIL-2 and purificati
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other strains of mice have differen
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dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes
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The chitosano-oligosaccharides are
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enzyme and cells were maximized by
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of crude chitosanases. Fortunately,
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Relative activity (%) 100 80 60 40
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Uchida, K. Tateishi, O. Shida and K
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MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials
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without coating and coated with pec
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in Table 5-7. It was found that the
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the cultures at 10,200 × g for 15
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incubation and reached the final pH
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y lysine- and tyrosine-decarboxylas
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during the stages of ripening as su
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As the 25 companies were divided in
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All the data comes up with informat
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as piece “A” or straight as pie
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et al. (1998); Zeng (2000); and Tal
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p 1, i * Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 4
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c ≤ c2 jq2 j n q p k p * 2, j , ,
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algorithm would consider RM 5, prio
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the maximum deviation of about 10%.
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Stock Quantities Using Heuristic Op
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which dynamically and automatically
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2. Framework architecture and compo
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Risk (VaR) calculation which was im
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Throughput (job/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Speed up 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 F
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and discovery, resource selection a
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