Handbook of Vitamin C Research

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188Magdalena Stevanović and Dragan Uskoković3.1. Water- Soluble VitaminsWater-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water, and in general, are readily excreted fromthe body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption [38-40].The water-soluble vitamins, excluding vitamin C, popularly are termed the B-complexvitamins. There are eight of them, namely; B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6(pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cobalamin), pantothenic acid, and biotin [41-43]. Eachnutrient in the B vitamin complex performs a unique role in maintaining proper metabolicfunctioning and is essential for well-being. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the mostimportant water-soluble vitamins in biological systems. Vitamin C is well-known for itssuperior antioxidant power and is the leading vitamin for immune support. Because watersolublevitamins are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important.4. Vitamin CL-ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6 ) is the trivial name of vitamin C. The chemical name is 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol [44,45]. L-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid are themajor dietary forms of vitamin C (Figure 1). Ascorbic acid is a six-carbon lactone with amolecular weight of 176.13g/mol (Figure 1). All commercial forms of ascorbic acid exceptascorbyl palmitate are soluble in water [46].L-ascorbic acid and its fatty acid esters are used as food additives, antioxidants,browning inhibitors, reducing agents, stabilizers, etc. Ascorbyl palmitate has been used for itsgreater lipid solubility in antioxidant preparations. pH has a great influence on stability ofascorbic acid [46-48]. Most of the plants and animals synthesize ascorbic acid from D-glucose or D-galactose (Figure 2). A majority of animals produce relatively high levels ofascorbic acid from glucose in liver [46].Figure 1. L-Ascorbic acid.
Encapsulation Devices for Vitamin C 189Figure 2. Biosynthesis of L-Ascorbic acid in animals.The major metabolites of ascorbic acid in human are dehydroascorbic acid, 2,3-diketogulonic acid and oxalic acid (Figure 3) [49-52].Figure 3. Catabolism of ascorbic acid.
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ContentsPrefaceChapter IChapter IIC
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PrefaceThe 6-carbon lactone known a
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Prefaceixbalance of antioxidant and
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Prefacexiprovided or is contradicto
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PrefacexiiiChapter IX - Background:
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Prefacexvdetoxification defence sys
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Prefacexviiprogressed faster than i
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2Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman and Richa
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In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research
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Human Specific Vitamin C Metabolism
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mgmgmgHuman Specific Vitamin C Meta
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88Ana I. Haza, Almudena García and
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90Figure 1.Ana I. Haza, Almudena Ga
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94Figure 3.Ana I. Haza, Almudena Ga
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100Ana I. Haza, Almudena García an
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In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research:
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Vitamin C: Dietary Requirements, Di
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Oxidative DamageVitamin C: Dietary
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Vitamin C: Daily Requirements, Diet
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262Alan M. Preston, Luis Vázquez Q
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Percent of Study Group Selecting Di
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The Role of Vitamin C in Human Repr
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300Mustafa NazıroğluKeywords: Vit
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302Mustafa NazıroğluNO is synthes
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304Mustafa Nazıroğlu‗recycling
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306Mustafa Nazıroğluagents, such
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308Mustafa NazıroğluFuture Direct
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310Mustafa Nazıroğlu[21] Basu, TK
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312Mustafa Nazıroğlu[59] Cengiz M
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314Samar Al Sayegh Petkovšek and B
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(mgg -1 )320Samar Al Sayegh Petkov
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330Antonio J. López-Farré, José
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Vitamin C in the Treatment of Endot
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Vitamin C Intake by Japanese Patien
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Reciprocal Effects of Ascorbate on
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378Akihito Ishigamicontrols (12,13)
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380Akihito IshigamiFigure 3. Vitami
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382Akihito IshigamiFuture of the SM
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The Importance of Food Processing o
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IndexAA , 249abdominal cramps, 243a
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Index 391atherosclerotic plaque, 23
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Index 393catalase, 6, 13, 169, 181,
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Index 395cyclooxygenase-2, 337, 341
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Index 397endometrium, 286, 294endon
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Index 399GCS, 18gel, x, 87, 92, 121
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Index 401hyperglycaemia, 223hypergl
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Index 403kinetics, 71, 120, 124, 14
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Index 405metastases, 182metastasis,
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Index 407nitrate, 14, 88, 179, 234,
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Index 409phosphodiesterase, 344, 35
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Index 411recovery, vii, 1, 5, 7, 8,
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Index 413steady state, 63, 76, 78st
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Index 415UV, 156, 191, 201, 204, 22
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Handbook of Vitamin C Research

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