Handbook of Vitamin C Research

414IndexT-lymphocytes, 294TNF, 225, 286TNF-α, 286tobacco, vii, xiii, 261, 262, 263, 271, 272, 273, 274,275, 276, 277, 278, 356tobacco smoke, xiii, 261, 262, 271, 272, 275, 276,277, 278tocopherols, 6, 13tocotrienols, 304Tokyo, 54, 365tomato, xii, 2, 171, 190, 237, 238, 352, 358Topiramate, 310total cholesterol, 57total energy, 266, 267total plasma, 292toxic, x, xii, xiv, xv, 52, 72, 90, 91, 116, 121, 122,128, 131, 134, 153, 157, 237, 241, 248, 284, 285,286, 287, 313, 329, 331, 332, 344toxic effect, 52, 72, 122, 157, 248, 286, 287, 331toxic metals, xv, 329toxic substances, xiv, 313toxicities, 241toxicology, 119, 338toxins, xi, 129, 185trace elements, 128, 143, 340trachea, 221traits, 50, 67, 75transcript, 175transcription factor, 18, 30, 33, 65, 241transduction, 370, 374transfection, 203, 220transfer, xii, 9, 10, 72, 73, 74, 214, 221, 239, 251,301transferrin, 4, 11, 16, 156, 208, 249transformation, 215, 222transforming growth factor (TGF), xvi, 367, 369,370, 371, 372, 373, 374transgenic, 85, 282transition metal, x, xii, 4, 5, 11, 13, 15, 27, 29, 74,153, 157, 166, 167, 171, 177, 237, 238, 243, 249,301, 304, 309transition metal ions, x, 5, 153, 157, 243, 301translocation, 66, 83, 225, 353, 370transmembrane, 66, 219, 220, 221, 229, 254, 370trans-membrane, 72transplant, 250transport processes, 222traps, 11, 240trauma, 8, 11, 19, 225trichloroacetic acid, 93, 96triggers, 10, 81, 120, 282, 370triglycerides, 249, 295trophoblast, 228, 253, 258, 287, 288Trp, 120tubular, ix, 46, 47, 51, 65, 67, 148, 221, 222, 248,331, 338tumor cells, 116, 150, 169, 181, 205tumor growth, 169, 181, 182, 368, 369, 373tumor invasion, 373, 375tumor metastasis, 369tumor necrosis factor, 294, 383tumor progression, 178, 182tumorigenic, 142tumors, 68, 137, 167, 178, 368, 369, 370, 371tumour, 177, 182, 206tumour growth, 177, 182tumours, xi, 89, 154, 190Turkey, 299turnover, 52, 63, 72, 82, 129, 214, 231, 244type 1 diabetes, 39, 136type 2 diabetes, 135, 148, 149, 351, 352type 2 diabetes mellitus, 149tyrosine, 3, 34, 128, 240, 297UU.S. Department of Agriculture, 257ubiquitin, 18UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, 228UGT, 70ultrasound, 346, 386, 387ultraviolet, 320, 372, 375underlying mechanisms, 170UNICEF, 56uniform, 51, 76, 78, 199United States, 2, 123, 148, 177, 205, 206, 207, 242,263, 278, 333university students, 52, 54urea, 57urea nitrogen, 57uric acid, viii, 6, 9, 13, 46, 48, 50, 60, 65, 76, 77, 80,131, 285, 290, 362uric acid levels, viii, 46, 48urinary bladder, 369, 373urinary oxalate, 131, 145, 204, 222urine, ix, 12, 13, 46, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,65, 67, 69, 76, 78, 166, 222, 225, 231, 241, 244,264, 273, 278, 303, 340urokinase, 375US Department of Health and Human Services, 276USDA, 123, 142, 245, 246, 248, 257, 272