Handbook of Vitamin C Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

380Akihito IshigamiFigure 3. Vitamin C biosynthesis pathway. The pathway from D-glucose to L-gulonic acid is sharedwith that of early steps in the uronic acid cycle. X is a conjugating molecule for glucuronidation.SMP30 is a gluconolactonase (GNL), which catalyzes from L-gulonic acid to L-gulono-γ-lactone. Inhumans, L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) is absent because of mutation.Figure 4. Osteogenic disorder of SMP30/GNL knockout mice. X-ray images show the skeletalstructures of SMP30/GNL knockout and wild type mice. Insets: enlargements of the femoral region inwhich an arrow points to the distal femur fracture of an SMP30/GNL knockout mouse. Arrowheadsindicate a rachitic rosary at the junction of costae and costal cartilage.physiological functions of the body as time passes. Yet our SMP30/GNL knockout mice diedearly (as measured by survival times), as previously stated, about four times faster than their
Shortage of Vitamin C Accelerates Aging 381wild -type counterparts, and this observation was documented before SMP30 was identifiedas a GNL (Figure 2). At that time, no symptoms of scurvy were noted in the SMP30/GNLknockout mice, presumably because the autoclaved mouse chow they ate contained ~55mg/kg of vitamin C. We now know that this amount of vitamin C is too small to maintainnormal levels in tissues; in fact, each mice was taken about 2.5% a day of vitamin C.However, we can say that aging progressed ~four times faster than normal in these knockoutmice, because they received too little vitamin C over a long period of time. Thus, theseresults indicate that a shortage of vitamin C accelerated aging. Until now, there was noscientific evidence for this conclusion despite the conventional wisdom that vitamin C has ananti-aging influence. This, then, is the first report of research that used SMP30/GNLknockout mice to show in a scientific manner that the shortage of vitamin C decreased life.Rough Estimate of Vitamin C Intake that Promotes Human AgingThe recommended amount of vitamin C intake daily for humans is about 100 mg (~5 or 6strawberries) according to the "Japanese dietary reference intake of vitamin C" published bythe Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. When one takes only 2.5 mg (2.5% of 100mg) of vitamin C for the long term, aging accelerates according to our experiment resultswith the SMP30/GNL knockout mice. However, this calculation does not apply when vitaminC intake stops briefly, i.e., for several days, because the healthy body stockpiles a supply ofvitamin C. Aging accelerates only in the long term when as little as 2.5 mg a day of vitaminC is taken for a period of about three years; after that interval, a vitamin C deficiency can killone in ten individuals according to our rough estimate (Figure 5). Moreover, half of those sodeprivedcan be calculated to die in about 13 years. However, this theoretical value appliesonly to the experimental results in the SMP30/GNL knockout mice and does not guaranteethe same outcome in humans.Figure 5. Rough estimate of vitamin C intake that promotes aging in humans.
Page 7 and 8:
ContentsPrefaceChapter IChapter IIC
Page 9 and 10:
PrefaceThe 6-carbon lactone known a
Page 11 and 12:
Prefaceixbalance of antioxidant and
Page 13 and 14:
Prefacexiprovided or is contradicto
Page 15 and 16:
PrefacexiiiChapter IX - Background:
Page 17 and 18:
Prefacexvdetoxification defence sys
Page 19:
Prefacexviiprogressed faster than i
Page 22 and 23:
2Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman and Richa
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
10Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman and Rich
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 65 and 66:
In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research
Page 67 and 68:
Human Specific Vitamin C Metabolism
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
mgmgmgHuman Specific Vitamin C Meta
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105:
Page 108 and 109:
88Ana I. Haza, Almudena García and
Page 110 and 111:
90Figure 1.Ana I. Haza, Almudena Ga
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
94Figure 3.Ana I. Haza, Almudena Ga
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
100Ana I. Haza, Almudena García an
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 147 and 148:
In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research:
Page 149 and 150:
Vitamin C: Dietary Requirements, Di
Page 151 and 152:
Oxidative DamageVitamin C: Dietary
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research:
Page 175 and 176:
Pro-Oxidant vs. Antioxidant Effects
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Patient. B.H. (38), atopic eczema.V
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203:
Page 206 and 207:
186Magdalena Stevanović and Dragan
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Molecular Bases of the Cellular Han
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Vitamin C: Daily Requirements, Diet
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279:
Page 282 and 283:
262Alan M. Preston, Luis Vázquez Q
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Percent of Study Group Selecting Di
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
The Role of Vitamin C in Human Repr
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317:
Page 320 and 321:
300Mustafa NazıroğluKeywords: Vit
Page 322 and 323:
302Mustafa NazıroğluNO is synthes
Page 324 and 325:
304Mustafa Nazıroğlu‗recycling
Page 326 and 327:
306Mustafa Nazıroğluagents, such
Page 328 and 329:
308Mustafa NazıroğluFuture Direct
Page 330 and 331:
310Mustafa Nazıroğlu[21] Basu, TK
Page 332 and 333:
312Mustafa Nazıroğlu[59] Cengiz M
Page 334 and 335:
314Samar Al Sayegh Petkovšek and B
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
(mgg -1 )320Samar Al Sayegh Petkov
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351: 330Antonio J. López-Farré, José
Page 363 and 364: In: Handbook of Vitamin C Research
Page 365 and 366: Vitamin C in the Treatment of Endot
Page 377 and 378: Vitamin C Intake by Japanese Patien
Page 389 and 390: Reciprocal Effects of Ascorbate on
Page 395: Reciprocal Effects of Ascorbate on
Page 398 and 399: 378Akihito Ishigamicontrols (12,13)
Page 402 and 403: 382Akihito IshigamiFuture of the SM
Page 407 and 408: The Importance of Food Processing o
Page 409 and 410: IndexAA , 249abdominal cramps, 243a
Page 411 and 412: Index 391atherosclerotic plaque, 23
Page 413 and 414: Index 393catalase, 6, 13, 169, 181,
Page 415 and 416: Index 395cyclooxygenase-2, 337, 341
Page 417 and 418: Index 397endometrium, 286, 294endon
Page 419 and 420: Index 399GCS, 18gel, x, 87, 92, 121
Page 421 and 422: Index 401hyperglycaemia, 223hypergl
Page 423 and 424: Index 403kinetics, 71, 120, 124, 14
Page 425 and 426: Index 405metastases, 182metastasis,
Page 427 and 428: Index 407nitrate, 14, 88, 179, 234,
Page 429 and 430: Index 409phosphodiesterase, 344, 35
Page 431 and 432: Index 411recovery, vii, 1, 5, 7, 8,
Page 433 and 434: Index 413steady state, 63, 76, 78st
Page 435: Index 415UV, 156, 191, 201, 204, 22
show all

Handbook of Vitamin C Research

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?