The world according to Monsanto : pollution, corruption, and

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india: the seeds of suicide 305the short term and that it would cost farmers a good deal. With their walletsdirectly affected, the farmers joined the camp of the entomologists.This is why around the world, Bt growers’ manuals since then have requiredthat refuges be equivalent to at least 20 percent of the GMO surface area. Butit must be acknowledged that this amounts once again to tinkering and improvisation,because no serious study has been conducted to verify that thiscompromise—worked out in one corner of Missouri—has any scientific validity.And when Michael Pollan questioned Monsanto representatives on the issuefor the New York Times in 1998, they answered: “If all goes well, resistancecan be postponed for 30 years,” which can only be called a short-term policy. 26When Pollan persisted with Jerry Hjelle, Monsanto vice president for regulatoryaffairs, attempting to find out what would happen after that crucial period,“the response [was] more troubling. . . . ‘There are a thousand other Bt’sout there. ...We can handle this problem with new products. . . . The criticsdon’t know what we have in the pipeline. . . . Trust us.’”In the meantime, ten years after the inauguration of Bt crops, it is possibleto draw up a preliminary assessment of the shiny bureaucratic edifice.First, as an Associated Press dispatch pointed out in January 2001, accordingto a survey conducted in 2000 “30 percent of [American] Bt corn growersdo not follow the published recommendations for the management ofresistance,” because they found them too restrictive. 27 To tell the truth, I understandthem. But they should, of course, stop supporting such an absurdsystem, which will sooner or later collapse like a house of cards, as a 2006study conducted by Cornell University researchers in cooperation with theChinese Academy of Science showed. 28 Considered “the first to look at thelonger-term economic impact of Bt cotton,” the study covered 481 of the5 million GM producers in China. It found that “the substantial profits theyhave reaped for several years by saving on pesticides have now been eroded.”According to the authors, while for the first three years after the introductionof Bt crops, farmers had “cut pesticide use by more than 70 percent andhad earnings 36 percent higher than farmers planting conventional cotton,”in 2004 “they had to spray just as much as conventional farmers, which resultedin a net average income of 8 percent less than conventional cottonfarmers because Bt seed is triple the cost of conventional seed.” Finally, afterseven years, “insects have increased so much that farmers are now havingto spray their crops up to 20 times a growing season to control them.”The researchers’ conclusion, despite their support for GMOs, is devastating:
306 the world according to monsanto“These results should send a very strong signal to researchers and governmentsthat they need to come up with remedial actions for the Bt cottonfarmers. Otherwise, these farmers will stop using Bt cotton, and that wouldbe very unfortunate.”The argument made Abdul Qayum and Kiran Sakkhari smile. “In India,where the majority of farmers cultivate between two and five acres, the strategyof refuges is frankly ridiculous. It all shows that GMOs, which are thelatest version of the green revolution, were invented for large farmers in theNorth.”
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BY THE WINNER OF THE 2009 RACHEL CA
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Also by Marie-Monique RobinVoleurs
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The New Press gratefully acknowledg
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ContentsPreface: A Book for Public
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PrefaceA Book for Public HealthNico
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prefacexirifying reality. For, in t
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IntroductionThe Monsanto Question
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introduction 3as “an agricultural
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introduction 5Confronted with this
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part iOne of the Great Pollutersof
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18 the world according to monsantot
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20 the world according to monsantob
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pcbs: white-collar crime 23nately,
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pcbs: white-collar crime 25United S
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pcbs: white-collar crime 27that Mon
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pcbs: white-collar crime 29PCBs Are
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dioxin: a polluter working with the
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dioxin: manipulation and corruption
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4Roundup: A MassiveBrainwashing Ope
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oundup: a massive brainwashing oper
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5The Bovine Growth Hormone Affair,P
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the bovine growth hormone affair, p
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part iiGMOs: The Great Conspiracy
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9Monsanto Weaves Its Web, 1995-1999
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part iiiMonsanto’s GMOsStorm the
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Page 269 and 270: 13In Argentina: The Soybeans of Hun
Page 303 and 304: 15India: The Seeds of SuicideOur pr
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Page 331 and 332: ConclusionA Colossus with Feet of C
Page 344 and 345: NotesIntroduction: The Monsanto Que
Page 346 and 347: notes to pages 34-46 3335. New York
Page 348 and 349: notes to pages 53-62 335santo in an
Page 350 and 351: notes to pages 72-79 3373. Problems
Page 352 and 353: notes to pages 87-101 339Glyphosate
Page 354 and 355: notes to pages 118-142 34112. Their
Page 356 and 357: notes to pages 153-157 343US Law,
Page 358 and 359: notes to pages 174-184 345dients Co
Page 360 and 361: notes to pages 199-208 347demned fo
Page 362 and 363: notes to pages 217-223 34939. The G
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Page 366 and 367: notes to pages 247-253 3537. Robert
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notes to pages 297-304 355Timothy M
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notes to pages 320-328 357Conclusio
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IndexAapresid (Argentine Associatio
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INDEX 361failures, 298-300; first f
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INDEX 363Edwards, David, 49Eid Parr
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INDEX 365Hansen, Michael, 97-99, 10
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INDEX 367McDermott, Tom, 111McDonal
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INDEX 369President’s Advisory Com
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INDEX 371T.H. Agriculture & Nutriti
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