Demand-Driven Technologies for Sustainable Maize ... - IITA

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455adéquate pour la fabrication de Makala (beignet de pâte fermentée).Un dispositif factoriel 4x5x5 soit 4 cultivars de maïs (CMS 8806, CMS8501, CMS 9015, CMS 8704), 5 degrés de substitution (0, 10, 20,30, 40% de maïs) et 5 temps de fermentation (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)a été utilisé. Les propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles desfarines ont été analysées. Les pâtes obtenues par pétrissage ont étémodelées en patons puis réparties en deux lots. Un lot a servi au suividu gonfl ement pendant la fermentation. Le second lot a été soumisà la friture après 90min d’incubation. Les Makala produits ont étéanalysés pour leur propriétés physiques (masse, diamètre et densité) etsensorielles (couleur, goût, odeur, texture et acceptabilité générale). Lesrésultats montrent l’existence d’une infl uence signifi cative (P
456considerably and this is attributable to genetic factors, environmentalinfl uences, level of agronomic practices during production (for example,fertilizer application), degree of milling and storage conditions (FAO1993). With the continuous release of maize cultivars, by researchstations, it is essential to determine the quality characteristics of newcultivars in order to assess their potential for domestic, small-scaleand industrial uses. Several reviews of the literature on cereal fl ourproduction have been published (Watson 1984; Munck 1995 interalia) and wet-milling has been found to be the most frequently usedprocessing technique in northern Cameroon. Maize fl our obtainedby this semi-mechanized method is usually processed into couscous(semolina or thick paste) and porridges (Ndjouenkeu et al. 1989).Although different types of fried dough products consumed daily inCameroon (such as Makala, Cen-cen, Taara-pott-en, Wardi, Wayna)have been described (Lopez 1996), information on use of compositefl ours in the preparation of these products are lacking. The objectives ofthis study were to evaluate the effects of (i) wheat fl our replacement bymaize fl our and (ii) differences among fl ours made from Cameroonianimproved maize cultivars on the properties of Makala.Materials and MethodsMaize grain and wheat flour sourceGrain samples from four maize cultivars (CMS 8806, CMS 8501,CMS 9015 and CMS 8704), obtained from the Institute of AgriculturalResearch for Development (IRAD) in Garoua, Cameroon, wereanalyzed in this study. These cultivars were grown under the sameenvironmental conditions and fertilizer rates. Commercial baker’swheat fl our (12% protein), sugar, salt and vegetable oil were purchasedfrom the local market.Pre-treatment of grains and production of maize floursFlours were produced from the maize cultivars as illustrated in Figure1a (Ndjouenkeu et al. 1989). Dry grains were cleaned of debris,washed using clean tap water and dehulled (Engelberg type dehuller,France). Dehulled grains were then soaked in clean tap water (4 h, 1:3w/v) and partially sun-dried for 4 h. The grains were milled using ahammer mill (Manucycle, Cameroon). The resulting whole fl ours weresun-dried for 6 h, passed through a 400µm sieve and then mixedthoroughly with wheat fl our to form composite fl our, using a bakerymixer (Bonnet, Villefranche Sur Saône, Type 450A34, France). Forthe purpose of the study, the composite fl our was mixed in the ratios90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 w/w wheat:maize fl ours. Wheat fl ourwas used as the control. The composite dough samples were laterprepared as commonly done in Cameroon.
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iDemand-Driven Technologies forSust
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iiiContentsPrefacePréfaceForewordA
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vAssessment of Striga infestation i
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viiPrefaceThe West and Central Afri
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ixendosperm maize varieties, 95 TZE
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Les agriculteurs de la savane guin
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xiiiForewordMaize (Zea mays L) is o
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xvAvant proposLe maïs (Zea mays L)
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xviiFifth Biennial West and Central
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xixNigeria26 Abdullahi, Y.M. NAERLS
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1Section1Breeding, SeedSystems and
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4skills of the scientists and impro
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6collaborating scientists. This is
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8fi ndings to their peers. They are
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10Figure 3. Funds received by indiv
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12Percentage PercentageYearFigure 5
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14Figure 9. Coefficient of variatio
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16Figure 15. Total maize grain prod
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18Table 2. Capacity Building of NAR
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20DiscussionResults of the analyses
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22the Lead Country Concept was not
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24Badu-Apraku, B., M.A.B. Fakorede,
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26et des lignées dotées de résis
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28Overview of the strategy for deve
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30Table 1. Characteristics of extra
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32Table 2. Performance of extra-ear
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34Table 3. cont’dInbredlineParent
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36different germplasm and for placi
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38Figure 1. Clustering of 35 extra-
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40Table 4. Number of inbred lines i
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42M’Boob, S.S., 1986. A regional
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44sur la performance de leurs hybri
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46Table 1. Mean grain yield (Mg ha
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48Table 2. Means for grain yield an
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50Table 4. Estimates of GCA effects
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52employed to exploit non-additive
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54deux traitements de sol (O, T). L
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56Table 1. Characteristic of 15 par
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58Table 4. Diallel analysis of vari
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60Table 6. Number of adapted x adap
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62ConclusionThe results of this stu
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64Combining ability of diverse maiz
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66S. hermonthica and S. asiatica. Y
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68Table 2.Mean squares of grain yie
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70Table 4. Mean squares of grain yi
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72Table 5. Estimates of general com
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74Table 7. Estimates of general com
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76yield under Striga infestation. T
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78Kim, S.K., V.O. Adetimirin and A.
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80Maize accounts for between 30 and
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82VII, XI and V that had grain yiel
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84Table 3. Inter- and intra-cluster
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86interest, including early, medium
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88IntroductionThe multi-environment
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90Table 1: Sums of squares (SS) exp
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922Table 3: Average proportion of t
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94genotypes within the target sets.
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96residual interaction matrix has b
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98Effects of farmers’ seed source
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100known. The objective of this stu
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102AFigure 1. (A) Percentage seeds
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104zFigure 5. Mean days to 50% silk
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106ReferenceAsiedu, E.A., Twumasi-A
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108Mexique et les USA. Dans les ann
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110In collaboration with the Intern
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112to farmers. Recommendations had
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114maize, the highest grain yield a
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116Figure 1. Trend of land area cul
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118ConclusionIn conclusion, the Ins
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120Valencia, J.A. and S.A. Breth. u
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122
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124chimique. L’effet relatif de l
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126Figure 1: Rainfall pattern in Sa
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128Percentage PercentageFigure 2: M
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130Table 2. Effect of organic mater
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132Yield increase and relative yiel
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134Table 5. Relative grain and stov
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136Dudal, R., 2002. Forty years of
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138Residual benefits of soybean gen
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140The cultivation of leguminous cr
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142(IITA), natural fallow and a lat
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144on exchangeable Ca, exchangeable
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146Table 4. Rotation† and fertili
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152in the top 0-15 cm layer and als
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154inoculation and nitrogen fertili
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156RésuméLes besoins du maïs en
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158Table 1. Monthly distribution an
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160was applied about 5 cm deep, mad
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162Table 3. Effects of legumes and
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164Figure 3: Grain yield of maize a
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166ConclusionFrom the results of th
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168Tarawali, G., 1991. The residual
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170la variété de maïs tolérant
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172It is necessary to validate that
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174Table 2. Effects of previous cro
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176of cowpea, than in the farmers
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178AcknowledgementsThe authors than
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180Potential of drought-tolerant ma
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182potential in comparison to the t
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184ha -1 . Fields were planted on J
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186Table 3. Means for days to silki
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188DiscussionThe observed effects o
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190the yield potential of the genot
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192Edmeades, G.O., J. Bolanos, M. H
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194Genotypic variation of soybean f
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1962002). Therefore, high BNF in so
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198Experimental layout, planting an
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200At 8 WAP, fi ve plants were rand
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202Figure 1. Relationships between
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204signifi cant correlation (P ≤
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206Table 4. Total N accumulation (k
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208Table 5. Total P in grain (kg ha
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210Table 6. Grain yield (kg ha -1 )
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212colonization in previous RP plot
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214(Table 8). However, within speci
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216maize-after-soybean plots over t
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218The observed trends in grain yie
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220in soybean than in maize grain d
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222IITA (International Institute of
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224Snedecor G.W., Cochran G. (1980)
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226irrigated conditions in the Sahe
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228Figure 1: Variation des tempéra
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230L’espérance de la matrice de
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232Tableau 3. Moyennes des caractè
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234Tableau 6. Table d’ANOVA du mo
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236Tableau 8. Table d’ANOVA du mo
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238seconde stratégie répond bien
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240
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242
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244RésuméDes enquêtes sur les ma
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246Field surveysField surveys were
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248Table 1.PathogensMean incidence
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250Table 3. Correlation matrix betw
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252Table 8. Correlation matrix betw
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254Signifi cant correlations were f
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256NCRE, 1994. Annual Report Camero
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258faibles réactions qui indiquent
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260(b) A no-choice situation. In th
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262Table 2. Ovipositional responses
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264Table 5. Larval feeding response
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266Figure 1. Profiles of colonizing
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268on moderately resistant and susc
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270CCE, (Commission des Communauté
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272RésuméLe Striga est une contra
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274the baseline for environmental m
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276Table 1. Percentage of crop and
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278(Emechebe et al. 1991) may have
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280ReferencesAnonymous, 1996. Stati
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282The use of spicy plant oils agai
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284The objectives of the present st
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286% mortality100908070605040302010
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288saturated atmosphere in the dark
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290(Gyllenhal) in stored chick-peas
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292intercropped with groundnut, and
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294du Striga. Les observations ont
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296Tableau 1. Incidence des plants
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298Tableau 4. Contd.LibellésUnité
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300soudure. Le traitement maïs ass
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302Herbicide resistant maize: a nov
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304Figure 1. Striga-prone areas in
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306developed herbicide resistant li
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308geo-referenced data from a farm-
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310Table 2: Grain yield and Striga
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312AcknowledgementsThis research wa
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314Effects of maize-cowpea intercro
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316In Cameroon, maize is commonly i
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318Table 1. Relative abundance and
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320Table 4. Maize stem borers’ st
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322were the predominant predator sp
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324on insect infestation and the as
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326Kareiva, P.M., 1983. Finding and
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328
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330impliquées dans la production d
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332Table 1: Scores assigned for fac
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334Table 2. Characteristics of wome
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336Table 5. Spearman rank correlati
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338farmers are given the appropriat
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340RésuméUne étude combinée de
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342ZamfaraStateKatsinaStateFigure 1
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344Table 1. Relative radii of the f
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346Table 4. Number of crops grown i
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348Figure 3: Concentric circles ref
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350No. Maize farmersFigure 4: Facto
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352Table 8. Trend of farmers rating
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354Gyasi, K.O, L.N. Abateisina, T.
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356Bénin. Seed quality was determi
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358Tableau 1. Moyenne des différen
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36070000Nombre de plants à I’hec
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362ISTA (International Seed Testing
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364Togolese Institute of Agricultur
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366variété améliorée et un tém
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368Tableau 2. Cycle des différente
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370Tableau 6. Rendement des variét
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372Tableau 7. Evolution des rendeme
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374300000250000Maïs Mais purMaïs/
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376- Au niveau des tests associatio
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378à base de maïs dans le Nord de
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380Two States (Kaduna and Katsina),
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382Table 1. Percentage of farm hous
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384Table 3. Socio-economic factors
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386AcknowledgementThe authors are g
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388Unexploited yield and profitabil
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390and input combinations. A number
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392The production function in equat
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394host of socio-economic and insti
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396Table 3. Frequency distribution
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398The adjusted R-squared value and
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400Assefa, A., 1995. Analysis of pr
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402Socio-economics of community-bas
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Page 427 and 428: 406Table 1. Socio-economic profiles
Page 429 and 430: 408Table 3. Average labor costs and
Page 431 and 432: 410ReferencesAhmed, B., 1994. Econo
Page 433 and 434: 412communautaire de semences de ma
Page 435 and 436: 414producing QPM seed at the commun
Page 437 and 438: 416Table 1. Cost elements (N/ha) in
Page 439 and 440: 418Table 3. Gross income (N/ha) fro
Page 441 and 442: 420Conclusion and RecommendationsTh
Page 443 and 444: 422Effets de la rotation et de l’
Page 445 and 446: 424Tableau 1. Caractéristiques phy
Page 447 and 448: 426Tableau 3. Composition chimique
Page 449 and 450: 428Figure 1. Evolution des rendemen
Page 451 and 452: 430Maïs-grain (kg.ha -1 )Maïs-gra
Page 453 and 454: 432Tableau 9. Successions culturale
Page 455 and 456: 434Maïs-grain (kg.ha -1 )350030002
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Page 461 and 462: 440ont été analysés pour leur co
Page 463 and 464: 442A=(M’-M) x 100/M + A o(1)where
Page 465 and 466: 444Table 1. Physicochemical composi
Page 467 and 468: 446Table 2. Steeping time and varie
Page 469 and 470: 448germination. In general, the pea
Page 471 and 472: 450after cooking of maize malted fl
Page 473 and 474: 452Marero, L. M., E.M. Payuma, A.R.
Page 475: 454Effects of wheat flour replaceme
Page 479 and 480: 458resulting products (fl ours, dou
Page 481 and 482: 460Table 1. Physico-chemical proper
Page 483 and 484: 462CMS 8806 CMS 8704CMS 9015 CMS 85
Page 485 and 486: 46439.8We ight(g)39.639.439.2390%10
Page 487 and 488: 466He, H. and R.C. Hoseney, 1991. D
Page 489 and 490: 468Adaptation et utilisation de var
Page 491 and 492: 470Figure 1. Distribution mensuelle
Page 493 and 494: 472chaque semaine. L’essai a dur
Page 495 and 496: 474Resultats et DiscussionsTests ag
Page 497 and 498: 476Tableau 2. Proportions des ingr
Page 499 and 500: 478Tableau 5. Composition de l’al
Page 501 and 502: 480Tableau 7. Coûts financiers de
Page 503 and 504: 482des demandeurs à payer et est d
Page 505 and 506: 484ConclusionNotre étude montre qu
Page 507 and 508: 486
Page 509 and 510: 488
Page 511 and 512: 490Breeding, Seed Production and St
Page 513 and 514: 4921. Propose approaches/innovation
Page 515 and 516: 494identifi cation, planning and im
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