The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1 Total Number Subsidized Units by Tract Poverty Rate 2000 ................... 69Figure 4.2 Mean Number Subsidized Housing Units by Tract Poverty Rate2000 ........................................................................................................... 69Figure 5.1 Formula for the Index of Dissimilarity (D) ............................................... 81Figure 6.1 Percent Census Tracts by Cluster 2000 ................................................... 106Figure 6.2 Percent Subsidized Units by Cluster 2000 .............................................. 106Figure 6.3 Census Tract Poverty by Cluster 2000 .................................................... 107Figure 6.4 Census Tract Percent Black by Cluster 2000 .......................................... 107Figure 6.5 Census Tract Percent Rental by Cluster 2000 ......................................... 108Figure 6.6 Census Tract Density by Cluster 2000 .................................................... 108Figure 6.7 Map of Number of Subsidized Units in Census Tract – Philadelphia– 2000 ...................................................................................................... 113Figure 6.8 Map of Subsidized Units as a Percent of Total Units in Census Tract– Philadelphia – 2000 .............................................................................. 113Figure 6.9 Map of Public Housing Units in Census Tract – Philadelphia – 2000 .... 114Figure 6.10 Map of Other Subsidized Housing Units in Census Tract –Philadelphia – 2000 ................................................................................. 114Figure 6.11 Map of LIHTC Units in Census Tract – Philadelphia – 2000 ................. 115Figure 6.12 Map of Voucher Units in Census Tract – Philadelphia – 2000 ............... 115Figure 6.13 Map of Subsidized Housing Clusters – Philadelphia – 2000 .................. 116x
ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been criticized for concentrating poor households andcontributing to neighborhood decline by acting as a barrier to redevelopment of centralcities (Goering & Feins, 2008; Schill & Wachter, 1995). The research has identifiedsignificant negative neighborhood effects from living in neighborhoods withconcentrated poverty (Ellen and Turner, 1997; Sampson, Morenoff and Gannon-Rowley, 2002) and there is some evidence that the greater number of subsidized unitsin a neighborhood the greater the negative effect (Santiago et al 2001, Lee 2008, Lyonsand Loveridge 1993, Rosenthal 2008, and Galster et al 1999). Housing and povertydeconcentration policies implemented in the 1990’s such as HOPE VI and vouchermobility programs may have resulted in changes in the location of subsidized housingcontributing to positive changes in the lowest income neighborhoods (Dawkins, 2007;Ellen & O’Regan, 2008). This study uses data from “A Picture of Subsidized Housing2000” (HUD, 2008) to investigate the relationship between the concentration, mix ofsubsidized housing types, and poverty at the census tract level in metropolitan areas.Results indicate that the distribution of subsidized housing occurs at multiple scales,subsidy types and levels of poverty. At the metropolitan level subsidized housingsegregation is higher than race, ethnicity and poverty. At the census tract level thehighest concentration is due to multiple types of subsidized housing co-located in thexi
Page 1 and 2: THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this dis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62:
exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64:
Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65:
projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69:
Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73:
TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75:
Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91:
TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99:
The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109:
Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111:
the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127:
FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133:
Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141:
units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143:
REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145:
Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149:
Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153:
Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157:
Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159:
Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161:
implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165:
Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199:
Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209:
Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213:
Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214:
Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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