The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases and on-line Query 2000Units fromOnline QueryUnits fromDatabaseDifference%DifferencePublic Housing (PH)** 1,282,099 1,281,669 430 0.0%Moderate Rehab (MR)*** 111,392 0 111,392 100.0%Section 236 Projects (S. 236) 440,329 440,329 0 0.0%Section 8 Projects (S8 NC/SR) 877,830 877,830 0 0.0%Multifamily Other Projects (MF/Other)** 352,337 352,547 -210 -0.1%Other Subtotal 1,781,888 1,670,706 111,182 6.2%Other Subtotal w/o MR 1,670,496 1,670,706 -210 0.0%Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) 945,347 945,347 0 0.0%Site-Based Subtotal 4,009,334 3,897,722 111,612 2.8%Vouchers (VO)**** 1,817,360 1,497,037 320,323 17.6%TOTAL 5,826,694 5,394,759 431,935 7.4%*Downloadable Database has census tracts geocoded for aggregation by program type. The query functiondoes not allow for this level of detail and so it is necessary to use the downloaded database for part ofthe analysis in this study.**Public Housing and Multifamily/Other will be analyzed using either the query data or downloaded databasesbecause the differences are not significant.**Moderate Rehab (MR) units (111,392) are not available in the downloadable database at the census tractlevel so these units will be excluded from further analysis of "Other".****Vouchers: The query identifies 1,817,360 total voucher units. The database only includes the numberreported (1,497,040) which are geocoded for census tract aggregation. The remaining 320,320 unitsare allocated but not occupied.Source: HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing 2000154
APPENDIX A.2“Total Units” and “Reported Units” in on-line Query 2000Total Units Number%Difference(Query) ReportedDifferencePublic Housing (PH) 1,282,099 1,056,174 225,925 17.6%Moderate Rehab (MR) 111,392 57,367 54,025 48.5%Section 236 Projects (S. 236) 440,329 276,799 163,530 37.1%Section 8 Projects (S8 NC/SR) 877,830 724,129 153,701 17.5%Multifamily Other Projects (MF/Other) 352,337 291,997 60,340 17.1%Other Site-Based Subtotal* 1,781,888 1,350,292 431,596 24.2%Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC)* 945,347 0 945,347 100.0%Site-Based Subtotal 4,009,334 2,406,466 1,602,868 40.0%Vouchers (VO)** 1,817,360 1,497,037 320,323 17.6%TOTAL 5,826,694 3,903,503 1,923,191 33.0%*100% of LIHTC units and some portion of other types are missing resident data. Since this is a geographic study the lack ofresident data does not preclude using these units.**Vouchers: The query identifies 1,817,360 total voucher units. The database only includes the number reported (1,497,040)which are geocoded for census tract aggregation. The remaining 320,320 units need to be considered missing in addition toany other missing data in the database itself (such as units reported but missing geographic data).Source: HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing 2000APPENDIX A.3Exclusions from Further Analysis 2000# Units from # UnitsQuery ExcludedNet UnitsPublic Housing (PH) 1,282,099 61,929 1,220,170Moderate Rehab (MR)** 111,392 111,392 0Section 236 Projects (S. 236)*** 440,329 11,926 428,403Section 8 Projects (S8 NC/SR)*** 877,830 22,863 854,967Multifamily Other Projects (MF/Other)*** 352,337 5,972 346,365Other Subtotal 1,781,888 152,153 1,629,735Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC)*** and****945,347 7,631 937,716Site-Based Subtotal 4,009,334 221,713 3,787,621Vouchers (VO)**** 1,817,360 397,052 1,472,715TOTAL 5,826,694 618,765 5,260,336*Puerto Rico and U.S. Islands are excluded from further analysis.**Moderate Rehab (MR) units (111,392) are not available in the downloadable database at the census tract level so these unitsare excluded from further analysis.***Units in projects with both LIHTC and "Other Site-Based" have been unduplicated and excluded from further analysis****Although there is duplication between LIHTC and Vouchers, sufficient data does not exist to make an estimate.Source: HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing 2000155
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125: strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127: FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129: Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131: considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133: Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135: tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137: ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139: scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141: units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145: Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147: Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149: Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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