The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19991935-1987Freeman andRohe 2000 1997Freeman 2003 1997CensusPlace andMSANational,limited toareas thatwere tractedin 1980 (APicture ofSubsidizedHousing1997)19,159HouseholdsNationwide(PSID)Type ofProgramPublic housing,other sitebased(Section235 and 236)Public housing,other HUDsite-based, andLIHTCPublic housing,other HUDsite-based, andLIHTCOutcomeMeasures Method FindingsChange inhousing marketproductionRacial change atthe census tractlevelIn and outmigrationfromcensus tracts withand withoutassisted housingStudies whether subsidizedhousing increases or reduces theoverall number of affordableunits in the housing market("crowding out" effect).Used propensity methods tocreate statistically equivalent"treatment group" (with publichousing) and "controlgroup"(without). Multipleregression on the probability of aneighborhood receiving publichousing between 1980 and 1990.Logistic regression on the effectsof subsidized housing onneighborhood poverty throughanalysis of migration patterns.Links geocoded PSIDlongitudinal data with subsidizedhousing data and censusneighborhood characteristics.Propensity scores were used tomatch neighborhoods with andwithout subsidized housing.Controls for moving behavior byage and race and variousinteraction effects. Nonlineareffects on number of units perproject studied for outmigration,sample sizes toosmall to study thresholds for inmigration.Low-income subsidized housing did nothave a "crowd out" effect. New moderateincome subsidized units resulted in only onethird to one half a unit increase whichindicates that subsidizing moderate incomehousing will reduce private sector activity inthis income range.Assisted housing developed during the1980's did not appear to fosterneighborhood racial transition.Neighborhoods with assisted housing weremore likely to have non-poor outmigrationand poor in-migration. Once the controlvariables are added the relationship betweenassisted housing and neighborhood outmigrationis a spurious one. In-migrationwas found to be sensitive to the presence ofassisted housing. Threshold effects on thenumber of units in projects exist for outmigrationfor some categories for blacks andLatinos but not for whites or as a whole.Although the results indicate that classspecific migration is not necessarily causedby the presence of assisted housing, it is aconcern that this is the trend. Greaterattention should be paid to theneighborhood surrounding the assistedhousing.190
Author Date Data GeographySinai andWaldfogel 2005Ellen, Schwartz,Voicu and Schill 2007Rosenthal 2007Rosenthal 20081935-1987 Nationwide1974-20001950-2000New YorkCity35 MSA's,Case studyofPhiladelphia1970-2000 All MSA'sType ofProgramPublic housing,other sitebased(Section235 and 236)Public housing,Section 8 sitebased,Section202 andLIHTCPublicHousing,LIHTCPublicHousing,LIHTCOutcomeMeasures Method FindingsStudies whether subsidizedhousing increases or reduces theoverall number of affordable There is less "crowd-out" in areas withunits in the housing market greater population and lower demand("crowding out" effect). markets. Tenant-based subsidies may beRegression controls for housing more effective by directing their benefitsdemand.directly to the households in need.Change inhousing marketproductionProperty valuessurrounding thesubsidizedhousingChange ineconomic statusof neighborhooddefined as censustracts for MSAstudy and votingwards forPhiladelphiastudyChange in tractpoverty rateHedonic regression includingbuilding and neighborhoodvariables within 2,000 feet ofsubsidized housing and outside2,000 feet but in the sameneighborhood.OLS regression analysis from1900 to 2000 of changes inneighborhood economic statuscontrolling for age of thehousing stock and neighborhoodSES composition. Publichousing included as possibleexternality at baseline date.Multivariate regression on thecauses of change inneighborhood poverty over 30years. Site-based public housingis included as one of thepotential explanatory variables.The LIHTC and Section 202 programs hadpositive effects at all project sizes and thiseffect persists over time. Public housing forfamilies has a negative effect for averagesize projects but the negative effect declinesover time.Neighborhood change takes place over bothlong periods of time (filtering) and shortperiods of time (externalities). Density hasa negative impact on future economic statusof the neighborhood while homeownershipalso has a positive impact. Middle-agehousing tends to deteriorate, not improveover time. Public housing impact notsignificant.Neighborhood poverty is caused by multipleprocesses including aging housing stock,public transit, SES spillover effects (povertyattracting more poverty, racial segregationeffect on poverty concentration) and thelocation of site based subsidized housing.Public Housing and the LIHTC were bothfound to increase the poverty rate in thesubsequent decade. Also, high densityhousing was found to consistently increasethe poverty rate.191
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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