The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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census tract. Segregation is measured at the MSA level for subsidized housingwith comparisons to race, ethnicity, and poverty.3. Cluster Analysis – Is used to identify patterns of subsidized housing at thecensus tract level based on the extent and relative mix of various types ofsubsidized housing. The results are mapped.TABLE 3.1MethodologiesDescriptive AnalysisIndex of Concentration (D)Neighborhood Classification(Cluster Analysis)Location of subsidized housing at U.S., Region, MSA,and census tract levels, correlation with other variablesCompare subsidized housing concentration withpoverty and racial concentrationDetermine if there are patterns of subsidized housing atthe census tract level based on the extent and relativemix of various types of subsidized housing42
Data AvailabilityA limitation in the study of subsidized housing in the past has been the lack ofdata on the geographic location of subsidized housing. The American Housing Survey(AHS) has very detailed demographic data on subsidized housing units but due to thesample size it is only available at the national and regional level. HUD uses this datato produce a series on Characteristics of Subsidized Housing Residents. AHS data isbased on self-report from the resident whether they received any rent subsidy or rentreduction which makes it difficult to directly compare with administrative databasesused to produce other reports. Some researchers have been given access togeographically coded household level data in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics(PSID) or AHS which could be used to control for household characteristics but thisdata is restricted due to confidentiality issues. Since these longitudinal studies werenot designed to provide geographic coverage there may be only a small number ofhouseholds in any given census tract which reduces its value for analysis ofconcentration. Only one longitudinal study, the Los Angeles Family andNeighborhood Survey (LAFANS), was specifically designed to include sufficientsampling of households at the neighborhood level to enable both a household andgeographic level analysis using the same data source.This study will rely on the most comprehensive data available which is “APicture of Subsidized Housing 2000” produced by HUD with data on vouchers, publichousing, other-site-based subsidized housing and LIHTC. The database was produced43
Page 1 and 2:
THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this dis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105:
with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127:
FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129:
Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131:
considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133:
Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135:
tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137:
ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139:
scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145:
Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149:
Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153:
Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157:
Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165:
Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213:
Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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