The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Units in Census Tract 2000Census Tract MeanSubsidized Units 79Public Housing Units 17Other Site-Based (S236/S8/MF) Units 25LIHTC Units 14Vouchers 23Subsidized as Percent of Total Units 5.0Subsidized as Percent of Rental Units 10.8MSA’s with population under 250,000 make up almost half of all MSA’s (150)but represent only 20.5 percent of all subsidized units. Almost two-thirds of allsubsidized units (64.6 percent) are located in MSA’s with over 1,000,000 people. Asubset of large population MSA’s with over 5,000,000 people (4 MSA’s) have 17.1percent of all subsidized units. See Table 4.3 for subsidized units by MSA population.TABLE 4.3Subsidized Units by MSA Population 2000MSA Population Number MSA’s %Number SubsidizedUnits %Under 100,000 20 6.0 39,764 1.0100,000 – 249,999 130 39.3 381,417 9.5250,000 – 499,999 78 23.6 470,192 11.7500,000 – 999,999 42 12.7 534,303 13.31,000,000 – 4,999,999 57 17.2 1,913,402 47.5Over 5,000,000 4 1.2 687,805 17.1All MSA’s (331) 331 100.0 4,026,883 100.060
Subsidized housing is also not evenly distributed across regions. There arethree major differences between the regions. Public housing is significantly underrepresentedin the West (region 4) and over-represented in the Northeast (region 1)which is a product of the program’s history and changes in regional growth patternssince construction of these units. The LIHTC is under-represented in the Northeast(region 1) and over-represented in the South (region 3). It is also possible that theLIHTC with its focus on new construction would be high in the South and lower in thebuilt-up Northeast, but this would not explain the somewhat higher use of the LIHTCin the Midwest (region 2). Subsidized units by region are presented in Table 4.4.TABLE 4.4Subsidized Units by Region 2000RegionTotalSubsidized Units %PublicHousing %OtherSubsidized % LIHTC % Vouchers %1 Northeast 1,086,897 27.0 316,556 36.3 370,744 29.6 102,745 14.3 295,250 25.02 Midwest 895,945 22.2 164,326 18.8 328,781 26.2 180,550 25.2 222,309 18.83 South 1,294,261 32.1 302,242 34.6 355,246 28.3 280,253 39.1 356,520 30.14 West 751,439 18.7 89,686 10.3 199,830 15.9 153,367 21.4 308,478 26.1Total 4,026,883 100.0 872,810 100.0 1,254,601 100.0 716,915 100.0 1,182,557 100.061
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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