The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Units by Type by State 2000State State Name Vouchers Public Housing Other Site Based LIHTC TotalAL Alabama 44,832 22725 11,763 19,742 99,062AK Alaska 1,371 2352 1,314 2,919 7,956AZ Arizona 7,027 11366 12,105 16,268 46,766AR Arkansas 15,307 15011 8,569 18,702 57,589CA California 45,323 143074 86,246 214,874 489,517CO Colorado 9,175 20530 12,537 21,352 63,594CT Connecticut 17,817 36054 8,319 19,749 81,939DE Delaware 3,168 5565 3,502 2,614 14,849DC District of Columbia 10,599 13288 3,776 5,339 33,002FL Florida 44,133 59644 60,817 64,024 228,618GA Georgia 52,473 36175 28,676 36,371 153,695HI Hawaii 5,628 6497 1,937 8,488 22,550ID Idaho 831 4760 4,847 5,520 15,958IL Illinois 75,509 73014 32,076 58,531 239,130IN Indiana 17,895 44978 23,549 25,654 112,076IA Iowa 4,742 16838 11,970 17,686 51,236KS Kansas 9,463 15971 13,833 7,897 47,164KY Kentucky 24,782 28656 9,212 26,486 89,136LA Louisiana 32,666 21763 20,851 25,452 100,732ME Maine 4,144 10057 4,858 9,547 28,606MD Maryland 24,278 40967 22,740 25,135 113,120MA Massachusetts 34,189 74601 27,507 52,549 188,846MI Michigan 25,927 74897 41,889 31,527 174,240MN Minnesota 21,504 39683 15,048 23,544 99,779MS Mississippi 15,746 19417 13,737 14,691 63,591MO Missouri 20,071 35331 28,022 28,975 112,399MT Montana 2,096 6015 2,514 4,358 14,983NE Nebraska 7,465 8728 7,585 7,214 30,992NV Nevada 4,917 4915 6,904 8,687 25,423NH New Hampshire 4,331 7634 3,249 6,911 22,125NJ New Jersey 43,139 54640 11,057 43,106 151,942NM New Mexico 4,864 6751 7,047 10,869 29,531NY New York 196,793 161382 37,771 149,522 545,468NC North Carolina 39,739 31774 25,498 38,740 135,751ND North Dakota 1,898 4248 2,664 5,817 14,627OH Ohio 54,410 90615 49,238 61,121 255,384OK Oklahoma 13,225 14850 15,077 17,347 60,499OR Oregon 6,244 12779 17,780 25,128 61,931PA Pennsylvania 76,659 74475 25,650 54,213 230,997RI Rhode Island 10,095 18007 3,636 6,280 38,018SC South Carolina 16,727 22390 12,322 17,905 69,344SD South Dakota 1,777 6280 3,733 4,277 16,067TN Tennessee 41,630 37937 19,364 22,472 121,403TX Texas 60,610 69804 75,984 100,673 307,071UT Utah 2,265 4554 6,003 7,718 20,540VT Vermont 1,834 3870 3,917 4,924 14,545VA Virginia 22,145 40306 38,096 29,706 130,253WA Washington 16,790 21628 26,214 28,247 92,879WV West Virginia 7,251 12190 4,482 11,725 35,648WI Wisconsin 13,880 36984 20,775 20,275 91,914WY Wyoming 786 2670 1,456 1,844 6,756XX State Unknown - 1095 - 314,803 315,898U.S. Total 1,220,170 1,628,640 937,716 1,472,715 5,259,241Source: HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing 2000160
APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster 2000Cluster - ConcentrationPercentBlackPercentHispanicPercentChildrenPercentElderlyCluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Units - Very Low 0.10 0.11 0.25 0.13Cluster 2: Voucher - Low 0.20 0.16 0.27 0.12Cluster 3: Voucher - Moderate 0.34 0.22 0.29 0.10Cluster 4: Public Housing - Moderate 0.22 0.14 0.25 0.14Cluster 5: Other Site Based - Moderate 0.19 0.13 0.24 0.14Cluster 6: LIHTC - Moderate 0.19 0.14 0.26 0.11Cluster 7: Other Site Based - High 0.31 0.16 0.26 0.14Cluster 8: LIHTC/Voucher - High 0.31 0.21 0.28 0.10Cluster 9: Public Housing/Other Site Based - Very High 0.48 0.18 0.28 0.13All Census Tracts 0.14 0.13 0.25 0.13APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster 2000 (cont.)Cluster - ConcentrationPercentForeignBornLess ThanH.S.DiplomaUnemployment RatePublicAssistanceCluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Units - Very Low 0.11 0.16 0.05 0.06Cluster 2: Voucher - Low 0.13 0.24 0.08 0.11Cluster 3: Voucher - Moderate 0.17 0.30 0.10 0.16Cluster 4: Public Housing - Moderate 0.11 0.27 0.08 0.12Cluster 5: Other Site Based - Moderate 0.12 0.22 0.07 0.11Cluster 6: LIHTC - Moderate 0.11 0.22 0.07 0.09Cluster 7: Other Site Based - High 0.13 0.29 0.10 0.15Cluster 8: LIHTC/Voucher - High 0.16 0.27 0.09 0.14Cluster 9: Public Housing/Other Site Based - Very High 0.15 0.36 0.15 0.24All Census Tracts 0.12 0.19 0.06 0.08161
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125: strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127: FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129: Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131: considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133: Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135: tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137: ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139: scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141: units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145: Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147: Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149: Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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