The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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TABLE 3.2Inventory of Subsidized Housing Units United States 1993 to 20001993Percent ofTotal 2000Percent ofTotal 1993-2000PercentChangePublic Housing 1,443,546 30.4 1,220,170 21.9 -223,376 -15.5Other Site Based 1,583,440 33.3 1,629,735 29.2 198,448 12.5LIHTC 374,403 7.9 937,716 16.8 570,994 152.5Subtotal: Site-Based 3,401,389 71.6 3,787,621 67.9 546,016 16.1Vouchers 1,352,450 28.4 1,787,518 32.1 464,910 34.4Total 4,753,839 100.0 5,575,139 100.0 1,072,855 22.6Source: 1993: HUD (n.d.), The Geographic Distribution of Federally Assisted Housing, 1993. 2000: HUD,A Picture of Subsidized Housing 2000 downloaded October 8, 2009). LIHTC and “Other” units areunduplicated. LIHTC and vouchers are not unduplicated. Data includes P.R. and U.S.V.I.Geographic Unit of AnalysisThe census tract will be used in this study as a proxy for neighborhood as istrue in most other studies. Reasons include the wide availability of data at this scale; aperception that the census tract geographically approximates the size of aneighborhood; that census tracts were designed to be relatively homogeneous areas;and were defined by local officials so they represent appropriate boundaries.Census tracts are not without drawbacks. Lee, Reardon, Firebaugh, Farrell,Matthews and O’Sullivan (forthcoming) identify several problems with the use ofcensus tracts as proxy for neighborhoods. They criticize this choice of unit of analysison the basis of differences in density (area) and boundaries. Census tracts are definedby the census as areas with population size roughly 4,000 considered the optimum size46
with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum and maximum allowed without exemption from theCensus Bureau (p. 7). While controlling somewhat for population size, the tract areaactually varies considerably between metropolitan areas due to differences in densityand housing stock. The authors note that the median tract size in Little Rock is 16.6km 2 which is nearly 80 times the size of NYC/White Plains at .21 km 2 (p. 7). “Anobvious consequence of linking tract boundaries to population is that the overalldensity of a metropolitan area will be negatively related to tract spatial size” (p. 7). Byrelying almost entirely on the census tract to define the scale the authors note that“little has been learned about what predicts segregation at scales different from that ofthe tract (whatever size of a tract happens to be), and especially about whether thepredictors of micro- and macro-segregation are distinct or the same” (p. 13).Related to geographic scale is the issue of density. Housing density is animportant concept which is often overlooked in studies of concentrated poverty butwhich can alter the results. Cooke and Marchant (2006) distinguished between centralcities, inner and outer suburbs based on density and age of housing rather than usingcensus defined places. Using this method they did not find increased poverty in theinner suburbs in the 1990’s as did other researchers. Grengs (2007) developed amethodology that accounted for open space in calculating neighborhood density. Heapplied this method in Detroit and found an increase in the spatial concentration ofpoverty in the 1990’s that was counter to the results of other studies of the city during47
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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