The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 2008Kingsley andPettit 20082000-20031994-2002State ofWisconsin5 MSA's:Baltimore,Boston,Chicago,Los Angeles,and NewYorkVouchersVouchersNeighborhoodquality at theblock group levelPoverty, race, andviolent crime atthe census tractlevelUses a quasi-experimentalresearch design with propensityscore matching which comparesvoucher users with matchedpairs of households that did notreceive vouchers. Measures theimpact on employment andearnings, and neighborhoodquality.Descriptive statistics onneighborhood poverty, race,crime and change inneighborhood poverty rate overtime (improved, stable,worsened).Voucher receipt was found to have no effecton neighborhood quality initially, but overthe longer term resulted in moves to betterneighborhood. Initial reduction in earningsalso were found to dissipate over time.Two-thirds of the initial movers had made aone or more subsequent moves. Theaverage neighborhood poverty rate for MTOparticipants was 24% up from 13% in theinitial move and the average minority sharewas 79% up from 68%. Regular Section 8movers did not experience this change inneighborhood characteristics. 43% ofMTO movers moved to "worsening"neighborhoods and almost none (1%)moved to "improving" neighborhoods.Gray and Tursky 1986Lyons andLoveridge 19931977-1978 10 MSA'searly1990'sRamseyCounty, MNPublicHousing,Section 8 sitebased,Section236, VouchersPublic housing,other HUDsite-based, andvouchersVOUCHERS and SITE-BASEDRace and IncomeconcentrationProperty valuessurroundingsubsidizedhousing atvarious distancesDescriptive statistics on the ratioof subsidized housing in centralcities and suburbs as well aslocation and extent in highminority census tracts.Hedonic price regressionanalysis for different types ofsubsidized housing at variousdistances.The Section 8 certificate program was justbeginning implementation and not all areaswere covered. Where they were operational,they were much more widely dispersed thanpublic housing and with relatively fewerconcentrated in minority areas.The number of units has a small butstatistically significant negative effect whichdiminishes with distance from thesubsidized housing. Larger increases in thenumber of subsidized units (larger projects)have more of an impact that individual unitsbeing added to neighborhoods.198
Hartung andHenig 1997 1994WashingtonDC MSAPublic housing(only 25+ unitprojects),Section 236,221(d)(3),201(d), Section8 site-based,vouchers, andlocally fundedprojects.Number ofvouchers per tractDescriptive comparison ofvoucher and site-basedsubsidized housing locations inorder to assess the outcomes ofhousing mobility policies. Bivariatecorrelations and stepwiseregression.Although there has been somedecentralization, voucher holders tend tocluster in racially and economically definedareas. Economic factors appear to be morepotent predictors than race.McClure 2006 2002 U.S.LIHTC andvouchersLocation insuburban vs.central citylocation andpovertyDescriptive statistics on locationof LIHTC and voucher units bygeographic area andneighborhood poverty level.Also compares results ofsubsidized units to all rentersand poor renters.A larger proportion of LIHTC units arelocated in low poverty suburbanneighborhoods than the HCV. The impactof the LIHTC on suburban tract poverty isminimal.Deng 2007 19986 MSA's:San Jose,New York,Boston,Miami,Cleveland,and AtlantaLIHTC andvouchersIncome, racialintegration andschool qualityDescriptive statistics comparingLIHTC to vouchers onneighborhood quality,geographic location, racialconcentration and schoolquality. A GIS is used to create"proximate zones" around eachelementary school for purposesof calculating the service area ofthe school.Most voucher and LIHTC units are locatedin areas with schools that perform understate averages, regardless of subsidy type.There was no evidence that a balancedmarket led to greater income or racialdeconcentration.199
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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