The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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It is possible that these census tracts could form a pattern like that of acheckerboard which would look deconcentrated at the MSA level, or they could formlarge contiguous areas in which case subsidized housing would look clustered. This isusually considered a drawback to the D statistic and is one reason why spatialmeasures are recommended. The main purpose of this study was not to determine ifcensus tracts within MSA’s formed contiguous clusters but whether segregation ofsubsidized housing differed between MSA’s and whether subsidized housingsegregation differed from racial, ethnic and income segregation within MSA’s.Therefore it is appropriate to select a single non-geographic statistic that iscomparable.Segregation Index AnalysisResults of the segregation analysis are presented in Table 5.1. The meansubsidized housing index score for the 331 MSA’s is .56. This indicates that over halfof subsidized housing units (2,255,054 units) would have to change location in orderto be distributed evenly within MSA’s.82
TABLE 5.1Mean MSA Segregation Index (D)for Subsidized Housing, Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty 2000Black-Non-BlackHispanic-Non-HispanicPoor-Non-PoorSubsidized-Non-SubsidizedMean .4836 .3747 .3280 .5600Minimum .2219 .1159 .1642 .2993Maximum .8352 .7460 .5266 .7876Standard Deviation .1311 .0988 .0732 .08222 Standard Deviations Below Mean .2214 .1772 .1816 .39572 Standard Deviations Above Mean .7458 .5723 .4745 .7244Source: Population by Race, Ethnicity and Income: U.S. Census, 2000. Subsidized Housing: HUD, A Picture of SubsidizedHousing 2000. Segregation Index calculated using the Index of Dissimilarity (D)Segregation of subsidized housing units exceeds racial, ethnic, and incomesegregation within MSA’s. The rate of subsidized housing segregation is considerablyhigher than for Black/Non-Black (.48), Hispanic/Non-Hispanic (.37) and Poor/Nonpoor(.33). In prior studies poverty segregation has been found to be lower than racialconcentration. The considerably higher segregation rate for subsidized housing wasunexpected given the potential close relationship between poverty, segregation, andsubsidized housing. The location of subsidized housing appears to be different from(and therefore more concentrated) than poverty and racial segregation in some manner.In order to determine what might be the reason, several variables were crosstabbedwith the segregation index. The segregation index does not vary much aroundmean of 79 subsidized units in census tracts. The only exception was a higher numberof subsidized units per tract in MSA’s with index scores under .40 (of which there are83
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125: strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127: FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129: Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131: considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133: Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135: tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137: ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139: scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141: units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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