The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreeman 2001 1997Van Ryzin andKamber 2002 19961990-1994 All MSA'sNational,limited toareas thatwere tractedin 1980New YorkCityVacancyStudyCOMPREHENSIVE(VOUCHERS, PUBLIC HOUSING, OTHER SITE BASED, and LIHTC)Public housing,Section 202,Section 236,Section 515(rural), LIHTC,vouchers, localprogramsPublic housing,other HUDsite-based,LIHTC andvouchersPublic housing,other HUDsite-based,LIHTC,vouchers,welfare shelterallowances,rent regulation,tax incentivesPoverty,neighborhooddistress and raceat the census tractlevelPoverty and raceat the census tractlevelHousing quality,crowding,affordability,stability andneighborhoodquality (measuredby poverty,physicalconditions andcrime)Descriptive statistics on thespatial distribution of varioustypes of subsidized housingprograms in high poverty and"highly impacted underclass"tracts. Multivariate analysis thatcontrols for neighborhoodquality and housing marketBi-variate analysis andmultivariate analysis ofsubsidized housing programs byelderly and family categories.Separate regressions for eachtype.Regression analysis for 11 typesof housing subsidies controllingfor household characteristics,housing stock characteristics andlocation.Most, but not all subsidized housing islocated in poor-quality neighborhoods.Public housing (site-based units) are highlyconcentrated in high poverty and multisymptomneighborhoods while certificatesare more decentralized. The impact fromvouchers, however, is considered small.Elderly housing is much more decentralizedthan family projects.The strongest predictor of location for alltypes except elderly was the housing valueof owner-occupied units in 1980. Othersignificant variables included percentageAfrican Americans and percent poor, withAfrican Americans particularly strong inpredicting the location of LIHTC units.There are tradeoffs between housing quality,cost and location in the different programtypes. The LIHTC provides higher qualitybut also high rent burdens for poorhouseholds. Project-based programs reducethe rents but at lower quality andneighborhood conditions. Vouchers appearto offer affordable rents, in decent housingwith fairly good neighborhood conditions.200
Joassart-Marcelli 2007 1998James 2008Koschinsky 20091985-2004SouthernCaliforniaNationwideand AHSsample ofMSA's1987-1997 Seattle, WAPublic housing,other HUDsite-based,LIHTC andvouchersSelf-reportedas receiving ahousingsubsidyPublic housing,other HUDsite-based,LIHTC andvouchersJob access andneighborhooddistressHousing andneighborhoodsatisfactionRental propertyvalues in singlefamily and multifamilyzonesBi-variate analysis of tract levelconcentration of subsidizedhousing with a set of"neighborhood distress"indicators. Regression analysisof location of subsidizedhousing and work locationscontrolling for neighborhooddistress.Descriptive statistics onsubsidized housing units. Logitmultiple regression onsatisfaction controlling forbuilding and residentcharacteristics.Geospatial hedonic priceanalysis of subsidized andunsubsidized rental propertysales. Comparison of resultsusing adjusted interrupted timeseries and difference-indifferencemethods.Access to jobs was significantly related tosubsidized housing resident income. Thepercent poor and minority in the census tractwere insignificant controlling for otherneighborhood distress factors andsubsidized housing in the tract.Residents of subsidized housing reporthigher satisfaction than non-subsidizedrenters. There were positive spillover effectwhich were due to the decreased size andage of the buildings and not from theincreased number of total units.Larger concentrations of vouchers are theonly rentals with negative spillover effectsin both low income and high income areas.Negative spillover effects found only in veryspecific areas consisting of single familyzones, near wealthier neighborhoods andhaving specific racial characteristics.Negative spillover effects not found inmulti-family zones.201
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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