The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Author Date Data GeographyType ofProgramOutcomeMeasures Method FindingsJoice 2007 2006Louisville,KYPublic Housing(includingscattered site)Crime rates (alltypes of crime) atthe census tractlevelRegression analysis of density ofpublic housing on crime ratecontrolling for other factors suchas poverty, age, rate, tenure andvacancy rate. Threshold analysisto determine what level ofscattered site housing is toodense (increases crimesignificantly).The presence of public housing (tract has ordoes not have public housing) is related toincreased crime, but additional units doesnot increase crime. Scattered sites do notappear to be related to increased crimeexcept that when the density of scattered siteunits in a census tract exceeded 48 units persquare mile there was an increase in crime.Schwartz 19991986-1997New YorkCityLocal fundingfor newconstructionand gut rehabOTHER SITE-BASEDImpact ofinvestment onhousing stock,welfare rolls,crime andeconomic impactat the communitydistrict level(population120,000).Correlations betweeninvestments and vacantproperties, welfare use and crime(felonies). Descriptiveinformation on commercial andretail development pre and postinvestment.Most investments were made in the city'spoorest districts which continue to havehigh poverty rates. A relationship wasfound between investments in gut-rehab anda sharp reduction in vacant buildings.Correlations between housing starts andchanges in welfare rolls and felonycomplaints were statistically significant butweaker than the vacant properties. Theauthor notes that the large scale ofcommunity districts may be too large to seethe full effects on welfare and crime.188
Author Date Data GeographyGalster, Pettit,Santiago andTatian 2002Ellen, Schill,Schwartz, AmyEllen, and Voicu 20031992-1995 Denver1986-1997New YorkCityType ofProgram14 specialneedssupportivehousingprojectsLocal fundingfor newconstructionand gut rehabOutcomeMeasures Method FindingsWeighted least squaresregression weighted byproportion of population in theneighborhood controlling for preand post crime rates, citywidecrime rates and geographicdistance from supportivehousing sites. GIS used todevelop distance bands aroundhousing sites and results used tocontrol for spatialautocorrelation. Qualitativeanalysis included focus groups. justified.Crime ratesProperty valueswithin 500 feetsurrounding thesubsidizedhousingDifference-in-difference modelcomparing sale prices ofproperties within 500-foot ringscompared to prices ofcomparable properties in thesame census tracts but outsidethe rings. Fixed effects hedonicprice model controlling forneighborhood specific changes.Project scale (exceeding 53 units) wasfound to have a significant effect on crimein the surrounding neighborhood. The exactunit threshold is unknown; however theresults support the Denver siting ordinancewhich restricts projects over 40 units.Focus group findings show that the public isafraid of increased crime from subsidizedhousing which in many cases may not beConsistently found that new housing unitswere associated with increased sale prices ofnearby properties. The type of project didnot matter and there were no statisticallysignificant differences between rental andhomeowner units, between new constructionand rehab units or type of structure (1-4 unitvs. multi-family building). Positivespillover effects were large compared toother city programs.Bickford andMassey 1991 197760 MSA'swith detailsfor 15MULTIPLE SITE-BASED(PUBLIC HOUSING, OTHER and LIHTC)PublicHousing, otherHUD-fundedprivatelyowned sitebasedRacialsegregation atPHA and MSAlevelCalculates isolation indices forelderly and family projects byownership (public or private).Descriptive statistics andmultiple regression.Elderly projects were found to be primarilywhite while family projects werepredominantly minority. Black-whitesegregation was very high and wascorrelated with the rate of increase in theblack population and leveled off afterconstruction.189
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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