The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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that period. However, this study required extensive local data on land use patternswhich could make wider studies using this method prohibitive.Missing DataA thorough analysis of the HUD database was conducted in order to determineif there was sufficient reliable data for further analysis at the census tract level. Thefirst step in this analysis was to determine an accurate baseline estimate of subsidizedhousing units in 2000 on a national level so as to compare this with the data todetermine an approximate level of missing data. See Appendix Table A-4 for data onmissing units and Table A-5 for missing vouchers by state.The HUD voucher database is aggregated at the census tract level in order tomaintain the confidentiality of individual residents. The database consists of1,472,715 voucher units. This number is 314,803 less than the 1,787,518 vouchersreported by HUD in 2000 as allocated to local public housing authorities. Thedifference is the number of vouchers allocated but not yet occupied. 8 Data on thedifference between allocated and occupied was only available at the national and statelevel and was not useful for estimating the number at the census tract level. Althoughthese units are considered part of the overall inventory, for purposes of this study the8Personal communication with David Chase, HUD Office of Policy Development andResearch, 11/16/09.48
exclusion of these units is not problematic because they are not “occupied” and wouldnot result in a change in the measure of concentration at the census tract level (unlikeproject-based units which are physically located in the tract whether or not they arevacant and may be indistinguishable when mixed with occupied units). In addition tothe unoccupied units, 5.6 percent of vouchers (82,239) are missing due to HUD’sinability to geocode the units due to incomplete address information.The HUD database on projects at the census tract level includes units in publichousing, multi-family, Section 236, Section 8 projects-based, and LIHTC. Data on themoderate rehab (MR) program (111,392 units) was only available at the MSA or Statelevel. It was determined that the lack of census tract level data on the moderate rehabprogram did not represent a loss to the analysis of subsidized units due to the smallnumber of units.Projects were listed by address and needed to be aggregated to the census tractfor purposes of comparison with vouchers that were already compiled by census tract.ArcGIS was used to geocode the projects from geographic coordinates (latitude andlongitude) provided in the database. There was sufficient geographic coordinate datato geocode 95 percent of project-based units at the census tract level.A separate database on LIHTC units (also maintained by HUD) was used tosupplement the project database. The LIHTC database was used to validate thenumber of units aggregated at the MSA level and to modify the data when there was49
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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