The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsidy Type by Poverty Rate 2000Census TractPoverty RateTotalSubsidizedUnits %PublicHousing %OtherSubsidized % LIHTC % Vouchers %Under 5% 269,029 6.7 28,346 3.2 89,066 7.1 80,758 11.3 70,927 6.05 – 9.9% 628,923 15.6 80,189 9.2 213,166 17.0 141,760 19.8 193,886 16.410 – 14.9% 607,404 15.1 91,454 10.5 195,693 15.6 117,296 16.4 202,961 17.215 – 19.9% 527,896 13.1 89,059 10.2 165,200 13.2 87,995 12.3 185,642 15.720 – 29.9% 843,950 21.0 180,998 20.7 256,172 20.4 129,055 18.0 277,725 23.530 – 39.9% 584,031 14.5 154,453 17.7 178,977 14.3 92,690 12.9 158,713 13.4Over 40% 565,650 14.0 248,311 28.4 157,186 12.5 67,361 9.4 92,703 7.8Total 4,026,883 100.0 872,810 100.0 1,254,601 100.0 716,915 100.0 1,182,557 100.0SubtotalUnder 10% 897,952 22.3 108,535 12.4 302,601 24.1 222,518 31.0 264,813 22.4SubtotalUnder 15% 1,505,356 37.4 199,989 22.9 497,779 39.7 339,814 47.4 467,774 39.6Subtotal Over20% 1,993,631 49.5 583,762 66.9 591,622 47.1 289,106 40.3 529,141 44.7Change Over Time in Subsidized Housing Types and PovertyA comparison of results from this study with a similar one conducted byNewman and Schnare (1997) raises the possibility that there has been a change in theproportion of public housing units by poverty. No other changes were observed. 11Since public housing units (unlike vouchers) cannot change location, this is likely an11 Newman and Schnare (1997) included the total number of subsidized unitsincluding rural housing and non-federal subsidies, while this study includes onlyfederally funded units located in MSA’s. There could be other differences inmethodologies.72
indicator of the demolition of units in very high poverty areas during the 1990’s withlittle new construction of public housing. The fact that public housing units are still atthe highest concentration and in the highest poverty areas indicates the extent of thecontinuing problem. The comparison of the relative percentage of subsidized housingby type can be found in Table 4.10.TABLE 4.10Change in Subsidized Units by Poverty Rate in Census TractTract PovertyRatePublic Housing Other Site-Based Vouchers LIHTC TotalEarly– Mid1990’s 2000Early– Mid1990’s 2000Early– Mid1990’s 2000Early– Mid1990’s 2000Early– Mid1990’s 2000< 10 7.5 12.4 27.4 24.1 27.5 22.4 NA 31.0 NA 22.310 – 29 38.9 41.4 50.7 49.2 57.8 56.4 NA 46.7 NA 49.230 – 39 17.1 17.7 11.5 14.3 9.5 13.4 NA 12.9 NA 14.5> 40 36.5 28.4 10.4 12.5 5.3 7.8 NA 9.4 NA 14.0Source: Newman and Schnare (1997), p. 712; HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing 200Correlation AnalysisThe Pearson r correlation was calculated for subsidized units as percent of totalunits in tract, demographic, housing, and geographic variables. Results can be foundin Tables 4.11 and 4.12. The largest correlations were households with publicassistance (.550), poverty (.540) and percent rental (.535). These results make sensegiven the population that lives in subsidized housing are poor and the nature ofsubsidized housing is rental. Other variables are also correlated including73
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125: strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127: FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129: Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131: considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133: Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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