The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Author Date Data GeographyGalster andKeeney 1993Schill andWachter 1995Goering,Kamely andRichardson 19971970-19801970-19901977-1993Yonkers,NYCity ofPhiladelphiaSample ofpublichousingunits in 10large PublicHousingAuthoritiesType ofProgramPublic Housing(scattered siteonly)Public HousingPublic housingOutcomeMeasures Method FindingsRegression analysis on racialchange from 1970 to 1980 inareas where scattered site publichousing projects wereconstructed.controlling for other factors.Racial change atthe census tractlevelChange in theratio of familieswith incomesbelow 50% ofmedian familyincome at thecensus tract tosame group atMSA levelRacial andincomesegregation at thePHA levelLogit regression predictingchange in poverty concentrationfrom the presence of publichousing controlling for otherneighborhood characteristics.Regression analysis using thedissimilarity index and theisolation index. Regressionsincludes several PHA and MSAlevel variables. Comparisonwith results from a prior 1977study of the 15 largest PublicHousing Authorities (Bickfordand Massey, 1991).A significant increase in percentage black isassociated with the existence of publichousing at baseline and the construction ofpublic housing over the decade even whenNegative spillover effects are consistentwith Massey and Kanaiapuni findings forChicago. Predicted poverty rates for thelowest concentration was 13%, 32% inneighborhoods with an average proportionof public housing and 52% for those withthe highest quintile of public housing(calculated for neighborhoods that hadpublic housing).Black families living in family projects livedin racially segregated projects located inextremely poor neighborhoods. The mostimportant explanatory variable was theblack-white index for the MSA, followed bythe segregation level of the PHA and thesize of the PHA (larger PHA's had largerprojects).184
Author Date Data GeographyCoulibaly,Green, andJames 1998Carter, Schilland Wachter 19981932-19921950-1990Area datadiffered byyears ofstudyFour centralcities:Boston,Detroit,ClevelandandPhiladelphiaType ofProgramPublic housingPublic housing(family only)OutcomeMeasures Method FindingsRacial andincomesegregationwithin MSA's,HousingAuthorities andBuildingsFamily povertyrate in censustractDescriptive historical study ofpublic housing units built anddemolished during the PublicWorks Administration (1932-38), Urban Housing Authority(1938-41), War Housing (1941-45), Urban Renewal (1953-60),1977 and 1992. Dissimilarityindex calculations for race andsometimes income when datawas available.Multivariate linear regressionand logit model on the change ofpublic housing units in thedecade prior. Analysis ofneighborhood poverty and thedistance to the central businessdistrict.Earliest public housing (1932-41) was builtin low-income areas where the land wascheap. Funding was provided fordemolition of existing units in low-incomeareas (slum clearance) and there was noeffort to deconcentrate by race or income.Segregation index scores were at theirmaximum. Individual buildings (withinprojects) were completely segregated.Temporary housing during the war wasconstructed in locations near war industriesand transportation but units weredemolished after the war if they werelocated in non-low-income areas. Over 80percent of urban renewal units (1953-60)were located in low-income areas. Theindex score was lower because some publichousing was constructed for white elderly insuburban areas. Data limitations in 1977and 1992 limited the study to city vs.suburbs. In 1977, 71% of all public housingunits in MSA's were located in the centralcities. This number had increased to only74% by 1992.Public housing is associated with negativespillover effects in urban neighborhoods.Density (percent of units that aresubsidized) was significant in only two ofthe four MSA's.185
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147: Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149: Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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