The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,Bryan, Chabot,Rogers and Rulli 1998Briggs, Dardenand Aidala 19991980-19901985-1996McNulty andHolloway 2000 1990Columbus,OH MSAYonkers,NYType ofProgramPublic housingPublic Housing(scattered siteonly)OutcomeMeasures Method FindingsChange inneighborhoodpovertyProperty valuesadjacent to publichousing sites,homeowner plansto moveCity ofAtlanta Public housing Crime ratesOLS regression analysis includeshousing market indicatorsincluding density of publichousing and net migration.Hedonic price regressionmeasured by change in saleprices over a decade adjacent tothe public housing sites. Phonesurvey of homeowners nearscattered site public housing.Heuristic model ofneighborhood change that linksfinancial and sociopsychologicalinvestments byresidents on neighborhoodvitality.Weighted least squaresregression conducted separatelyfor different types of crimeincluding the distance to publichousing sites.Public housing concentrated poverty byattracting individuals most vulnerable toeconomic hardship and weakening theneighborhood housing market. Distancefrom subsidized housing also had a strongeffect. Public housing had an effect onblacks that is double that of whites. (p. 12)Older public housing concentrates morethan more than recent construction.Sale prices were sensitive to specificneighborhoods and not whether there wasscattered site public housing. There was noevidence of "white flight" or neighborhoodtipping. Homeowners surrounding thepublic housing sites were comparable tohomeowners not located near the sites.They were just as likely to be satisfied withtheir residential environment and just aslikely to be unhappy about other factors,such as high taxes.Being located close to subsidized housing inthe city has a significant effect on severaltypes of crime holding all other variablessuch as race and income constant.186
Author Date Data GeographySantiago,Galster andTatian 2001Bair andFitzgerald 2005 2000Bacon 20061987-1997 Denver, COSix projectsin Atlanta,Charlotte,Kansas City,Boston,Denver andPhiladelphia2002-2005 Durham, NCType ofProgramPublic Housing(scattered siteonly)Public Housing(HOPE VI)Public housing(HOPE VI)OutcomeMeasures Method FindingsProperty values atvarious distancesfrom subsidizedhousing unitsProperty valuessurrounding thesubsidizedhousingCrime rates atproject site andrelocation sites atthe census tractand block grouplevelEvaluation of scattered sitepublic housing program whichacquired and rehabilitated 167homes in middle-classneighborhoods during the firstphase of a 400-unit program.Hedonic price regressionmeasured by change in saleprices over a decade. Focusgroups with homeowners at 6sites.Hedonic regression with blockgroup level controls for microneighborhoodeffects.Geospatial analysis using Gi*and Local Moran's I of crimerates in HOPE VI publichousing site that was demolishedand neighborhoods whereresidents relocated.Properties in close proximity to thesubsidized units saw values rise. This effectwas most likely due to the fact that many ofthe properties acquired were vacant andunderwent considerable rehabilitation. Thissmall scale impact was insufficient tochange neighborhood dynamics at a largerscale. Focus groups were aware of andconcerned about other subsidized housing intheir neighborhoods besides the scatteredsites and in general were concerned with thequality of rental maintenance, bothsubsidized and unsubsidized, in theirneighborhoods. The authors conclude thatproperty management post-occupancy iscrucial and that negative effects of moreunits in vulnerable neighborhoods suggeststhere may be a maximum threshold whichtriggers neighborhood decline regardless ofdistance.Statistically significant and large positiveeffect on property values of 8-10% perquarter mile from the site.Sharp reduction in crime at HOPE VI siteand increases in violent crime in smallerpockets throughout the city. However therewas no consistency in the areas inhabited byHOPE VI relocatees, with some increasingand others decreasing crime rates. Due tothe small numbers of relocatees in any givenarea it is not likely that they were the causeof increased (or decreased) crime.187
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149: Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209: Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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