The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Measures of ConcentrationThree measures of concentration are calculated including 1) the absolutenumber of subsidized units per tract; 2) the number of subsidized units as a percentageof all units in the tract: and 3) the number of subsidized units as a percentage of rentalunits in the tract.The number of subsidized units per tract that exceeds the mean for all tractscould indicate a high concentration and if it considerably exceeds the mean it couldindicate a very high concentration. The same method could be used to identify verylow and low concentration, with the remainder considered moderate concentration.These measures are then used to classify the extent of concentration from very low tovery high concentration.Number of Subsidized Units in Census TractThe mean number of subsidized housing units per census tract is 79. Close tohalf (45.0 percent) of census tracts have under 10 subsidized units per tract which canbe classified as very low concentration. In 8,253 of these tracts (16.1 percent) thereare no subsidized housing units.About one-third (31.9 percent) of tracts are moderately concentrated withbetween 11 and 100 subsidized housing units per census tract. Another 7,205 censustracts (14.1 percent) are highly concentrated with between 101 and 250 units per tract.62
A significant number of tracts (4,632 census tracts, 9.1 percent) have over 250subsidized units per tract which can be considered very highly concentrated. Therange of subsidized units per tract can be found in Table 4.5.TABLE 4.5Range of Subsidized Housing Units in Census Tract 2000Number Subsidized UnitsNumberCensus TractsPercentCensus TractsCumulativePercent0 Units 8,253 16.1 16.11-10 Units 14,736 28.8 45.011-100 Units 16,292 31.9 76.8101-250 Units 7,205 14.1 90.9Over 250 Units 4,632 9.1 100.0Total 51,118 100.0Subsidized Units as Percent of Total Units in Census TractThe mean number of subsidized housing as a percentage of all housing units incensus tracts is 5.0 percent. Three-quarters (74.3 percent) of all census tracts are underthe mean and can be considered low or very low concentration. A high concentrationcould be considered over 25 percent of all units which is the case is 2,194 census tracts(4.3 percent). A subset of these with over 50 percent of all units in the tract are veryhighly concentrated but make up only a small percentage of all tracts (617 or 1.2percent of all tracts). Table 4.6 presents subsidized units as a percent of total units inthe census tract.63
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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