The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .......................................................................... 594.1 Number and Location of Subsidized Housing by Type ........................ 594.2 Measures of Concentration ................................................................... 624.2.1 Number of Subsidized Units .................................................... 624.2.2 Subsidized Units as Percent of Total Units ............................. 634.2.3 Subsidized Units as Percent of Rental Units ............................ 644.3 Subsidized Housing and Poverty Concentration .................................. 654.4 Subsidized Housing by Type and Poverty ............................................ 704.5 Change Over Time in Subsidized Housing Types and Poverty ............ 724.6 Correlation Analysis ............................................................................. 735 SEGREGATION ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 795.1 Index of Dissimilarity ........................................................................... 795.2 Segregation Index Analysis .................................................................. 825.3 Segregation Index and Poverty ............................................................. 876 CLUSTER ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 896.1 Introduction to Cluster Analysis ........................................................... 896.2 Description of Clusters ......................................................................... 916.2.1 Voucher -Very Low Concentration .......................................... 916.2.2 Voucher - Low Concentration .................................................. 926.2.3 Voucher - Moderate Concentration .......................................... 936.2.4 Public Housing - Moderate Concentration ............................... 936.2.5 Other Site-Based - Moderate Concentration............................. 946.2.6 LIHTC - Moderate Concentration ............................................ 956.2.7 Other Site-Based - High Concentration .................................... 966.2.8 LIHTC and Vouchers - High Concentration ............................. 966.2.9 Public Housing and Other Site Based - Very High .................. 986.3 Clusters by Subsidy Type ..................................................................... 996.3.1 Public Housing ......................................................................... 996.3.2 Other Site-Based Subsidized Housing .................................... 1006.3.3 Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) ............................ 1016.3.4 Vouchers ................................................................................. 102vi
6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Results ................................................ 1036.5 Visualization of Clusters .................................................................... 1117 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ......................................... 1177.1 Descriptive Analysis Results .............................................................. 1177.2 Segregation Analysis Results ............................................................. 1197.3 Cluster Analysis Results ..................................................................... 1207.4 Policy Implications ............................................................................. 124REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 130AppendixA SUBSIDIZED HOUSING DATA .................................................................. 154A.1 Downloadable Databases and On-Line Query 2000 ........................... 154A.2 “Total Units” and “Reported Units” in On-Line Query 2000 .............. 155A.3 Exclusions from Further Analysis 2000 ............................................. 155A.4 Missing Data .................................................................................... 156A.5 Missing Vouchers by State 2000 ........................................................ 157A.6 Subsidized Housing Unit Characteristics ........................................... 158A.7 Unduplicated Subsidized Housing Units 2000 ................................... 159A.8 Subsidized Housing Units by Type by State 2000 ............................. 160A.9 Demographics by Cluster 2000 .......................................................... 161A.10 Subsidized Housing Units by Type by MSA 2000 ............................. 163A.11 Segregation Index (D) by MSA 2000 ................................................. 173B LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX .............................................................. 183vii
Page 1 and 2: THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this dis
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58:
just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60:
with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62:
exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91:
TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145:
Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149:
Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153:
Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157:
Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159:
Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161:
implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213:
Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214:
Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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