The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a result of restricting the study to metropolitan areas, as well as reductionsfor lack of geographic coding, unduplication, and accuracy, the total number ofsubsidized units was reduced from 5,575,139 in the original HUD database to4,026,787 units for this study. These units are located in 51,118 census tracts in 331MSA’s. Public housing comprises 872,810 of the units (21.7 percent of total); othersite-based units comprise 1,254,505 units (31.2 percent); LIHTC comprise 716,915units (17.8 percent); and vouchers comprise 1,182,557 units (29.4 percent). Due to thereduction in units included in this study the percentage of other site-based unitsincreased slightly (from 29.2 to 31.2 percent), LIHTC units increased from 16.8 to17.8 percent; while vouchers decreased slightly (from 32.1 to 29.4 percent) as apercentage of the total. Public housing remained stable at 21.9 compared to 21.7percent. See Table 3.3 for a summary of data modifications.TABLE 3.3Data Preparation SummaryData Source • HUD, A Picture of Subsidized Housing, 2000• 848,751 units located outside the continental U.S., Alaska andHawaii or in rural areasElimination of Units• 111,392 Moderate Rehab (MR) units• 314,803 allocated but unused vouchers*Missing Census Tract GeographyUnduplicationData Accuracy• 262,073 units• 179,842 project units• 82,249 vouchers• 43,946 project units• Project and voucher overlap unknown• 78,779 units in 151 census tracts*Personal communication with HUD. Unused voucher units are not a concern for this study because there is no geographicconcentration to measure. Whereas vacant site-based units are included in the study because these units are still present even ifunoccupied.56
Contribution to the LiteratureThere are four contributions of this study to the literature. The first is the useof 2000 data, although now a decade old, is relatively recent and significantly moreaccurate than in the past; secondly, the inclusion of three different site-basedsubsidized housing types in combination with vouchers presents a morecomprehensive coverage of housing types than previously studied; thirdly, given theinclusion of all MSA’s results in greater confidence in the results due to the largesample size; and lastly, the cluster analysis methodology is useful in combiningmultiple variables to better describe both the concentration and mix of housingsubsidies at the neighborhood level.Limitations of the Study DesignThe use of census tracts as the geographic units of analysis could have animpact on the results. The census tract may not represent the level at which subsidizedhousing impacts concentration. Each MSA is likely to be idiosyncratic requiringfurther study to more fully understand the differences but analysis of MSA level databeyond calculation of a segregation index score is beyond the scope of this study.Lack of longitudinal data will restrict analysis on change over time and lack ofbaseline controls will limit conclusions on impact. Therefore this will not be animpact study and will be restricted to a cross-sectional analysis of concentration.57
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109: Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
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Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
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Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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