The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Concentration of Other Site-Based Subsidized Housing 2Very few studies investigate site-based subsidized housing other than publichousing or LIHTC and therefore we know very little about levels of concentration orhow they interact with other types of subsidized housing. 3Two studies of housing created under the New York City Ten Year HousingPlan that included both federal and local funding, found that subsidized housing unitswere associated with increased sale prices of nearby properties. Ellen, Schwartz,Voicu and Schill (2007) used a hedonic price method to study site-based subsidizedhousing in New York City from 1974 to 2000. The regression included building andneighborhood variables for two distances including the immediate neighbors (within2,000 feet of subsidized housing) and the wider neighborhood (outside 2,000 feet but2 Other Site-Based Subsidized Housing includes Scattered Site Public Housing,Section 8 Project-Based, Section 202 (elderly), Section 811 (disabled), and locallyfunded programs.3Data comparing demographic characteristics of residents in different types ofsubsidized housing is available but geographic coding for concentration studies waslimited prior to the late 1990’s. The average income of households in public housing($12,715), Vouchers ($12,411), and private subsidized ($11,056) were quite similar.Racial composition varied considerably by type: public housing (29% white), vouchers(36% white) and private subsidized (50% white) (Turner and Kingsley, 2008, p. 5).22
in the same neighborhood). On average, subsidized housing was located in areas thatwere slightly more depressed than the distressed neighborhoods in which they werelocated (p. 272). The LIHTC and Section 202 (housing for the elderly) programs hadpositive effects in housing values at all project sizes and this effect persisted over time(p. 278). Public housing for families had a negative effect for average size projects butthe negative effect declined over time. The type of project did not matter and therewere no statistically significant differences between rental and homeowner units,between new construction and rehab units or type of structure (1-4 units vs. multifamilybuilding). Positive spillover effects were large compared to other cityprograms.Schwartz (1999) found that most investments were made in the city’s poorestdistricts which continue to have high poverty rates. A relationship was found betweeninvestments in gut-rehab and a sharp reduction in vacant buildings. Correlationsbetween housing starts and changes in welfare rolls and felony complaints werestatistically significant but weaker than the vacant properties. The author notes thatthe scale of community districts (which are multi-census-tract areas larger than somecities) may be too large to see the full effects on welfare and crime.Santiago, Galster and Tatian (2001) evaluated a scattered site public housingprogram which acquired and rehabilitated 167 homes in middle-class neighborhoodsduring the first phase of a 400-unit program. Hedonic price regression measured thechange in sale prices over a decade while focus groups with homeowners at 6 sites23
Page 1 and 2: THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this dis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15 and 16: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 17 and 18: subsidy programs in that rents are
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85:
TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87:
unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91:
TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111:
the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123:
Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133:
Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143:
REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145:
Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149:
Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153:
Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157:
Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159:
Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161:
implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165:
Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199:
Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203:
Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205:
Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207:
Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209:
Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211:
Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213:
Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214:
Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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