The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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clear addresses. Data on LPHA units can be accessed either locally or through HUD.There are an extensive number of studies that focus exclusively on public housing.Three site-based programs including Multi-Family, Section 236, and Section 8project-based units are administered in the Office of Multi-Family Housing at HUD(hereafter referred to in this study as “other site-based” units). These programs wereinitiated at various times in the 1970’s and 1980’s and continued to be active in the1990’s. The use of multiple local developers and administrators resulted in a complexdecentralized mix of public, private-non-profit and private-for-profit owners. Someprograms target the elderly or disabled while others are family-oriented. Residents paya portion of their income (typically 30 percent) towards rent and are very low income.There are relatively few studies of non-public housing site-based units. Those that doexist are restricted to a small number of metropolitan areas in order to collect andverify the data locally.The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is a site-based program authorizedin the late 1980’s which started producing units in the 1990’s. States receive anallocation of tax credits on a per capita basis and allocate the tax credits to projects inQualified Allocation Plan (QAP). Because it is a tax credit rather than a direct grant orloan, the program is administered by the Treasury Department rather than HUD.Studies indicate that LIHTC residents have higher incomes than the other subsidytypes but are still low income. Rents in this program differ significantly from the other4
subsidy programs in that rents are set based on a percentage of the area median incomeregardless of the individual household’s actual income. Data on this program has beenlimited until recently because Treasury has not collected data on the programparticipants. HUD subsequently contracted for data collection on this program startingin the 2000’s which retroactively included projects constructed since the early 1990’s.The data available is extensive and has been made publicly available on the HUDwebsite in a searchable database. It includes the number and geographic location ofthese units. Data on resident characteristics in LIHTC units however is still notavailable except for a small sample study conducted by the General Accounting Office(GAO) (1997).Tenant-based rental assistance (Section 8 certificates or vouchers, hereafterreferred to in this study as “vouchers”) began in the 1970’s but did not become aprimary form of subsidy until the 1990’s. These programs are administered by HUDin the Office of Public and Indian Housing. Although HUD collects data on theseunits the data on geographic location is not made publicly available in order topreserve the confidentiality of the residents. A limited number of researchers areoffered access to the restricted data. Aggregated data was sporadically compiled andmade public between 1993 and 2000 with the most recent compilation being “A5
Page 1 and 2: THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this dis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
Page 7 and 8: 6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
Page 15: Data on subsidized housing prior to
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
Page 21 and 22: from the nine matched neighborhood
Page 23 and 24: Overall, it is clear that there are
Page 25 and 26: limited the study to city vs. subur
Page 27 and 28: to the public housing, location adj
Page 29 and 30: hardship; and 2) public housing wea
Page 31 and 32: deconcentrated over time is whether
Page 33 and 34: deconcentration. In fact, a higher
Page 35 and 36: in the same neighborhood). On avera
Page 37 and 38: Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
Page 39 and 40: Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
Page 41 and 42: from the vouchers. However, there w
Page 43 and 44: consisting of single family zones,
Page 45 and 46: early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
Page 47 and 48: Recent studies of individual housin
Page 49 and 50: One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
Page 51 and 52: that they are smaller scale, better
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
Page 55 and 56: Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69:
Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71:
Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73:
TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75:
Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77:
TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79:
would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81:
mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83:
Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85:
TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87:
unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89:
TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91:
TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95:
It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99:
The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101:
developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105:
with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107:
The cluster is relatively small con
Page 108 and 109:
Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
Page 110 and 111:
the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113:
alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115:
VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119:
FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123:
Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125:
strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127:
FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129:
Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131:
considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133:
Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135:
tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137:
ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139:
scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141:
units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143:
REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145:
Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147:
Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149:
Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151:
Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153:
Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155:
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157:
Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159:
Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161:
implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165:
Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167:
APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169:
APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171:
APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173:
APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175:
APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177:
MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199:
Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201:
Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203:
Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205:
Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207:
Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 208 and 209:
Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
Page 210 and 211:
Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213:
Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214:
Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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