The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units – High Concentration – High PovertyCluster 7 is primarily made up of other subsidized units. There are 3,700census tracts (7.2 percent of all census tracts) and 1,129,529 subsidized units (28.0percent of all subsidized units) which makes this type of neighborhood the third largestin terms of neighborhoods and the largest in terms of number of subsidized housingunits. This cluster is highly concentrated in terms of number of subsidized units pertract (305 units). Cluster 7 has a poverty rate of 23.0 percent which is lower thanexpected for high concentration site-based subsidy neighborhoods but which is stillrelatively high for the cluster types and already exceeds the threshold at whichnegative effects may occur. Efforts should be taken to reduce the level of poverty byavoiding siting of any new subsidized units or use of vouchers. In addition, activedeconcentration efforts for existing units should be conducted to encourage relocationto lower poverty neighborhoods.Cluster 8: LIHTC and Vouchers – High Concentration – High PovertyCluster 8 consists of 1,833 census tracts (3.6 percent of all census tracts) with ahigh concentration of subsidized units (410 subsidized units per tract) including 208LIHTC units and 119 vouchers. 13 There are site-based units in these tracts as well13 It is possible that the total number of units and the number of vouchers in cluster 8have been overstated. This is due to the fact that the database did not allow for96
including an average of 59 other site based units and 24 public housing units. Theseneighborhoods make up 3.8 percent of tracts and 750,961 subsidized units (18.6percent of units). By the LIHTC units co-locating with an equal number of other typesof subsidized housing these tracts become highly concentrated.Cluster 8 has a moderate poverty rate of 21.7 percent which is lower thanexpected for high concentration of site-based units but still at a level where thresholdeffects could occur. The poverty rate is sufficiently high to recommend efforts toreduce the level of poverty by avoiding siting of any new subsidized units or use ofvouchers. Future LIHTC projects should be reviewed for the existing level ofsubsidized housing in the neighborhood as well as the poverty rate.This study cannot determine whether the LIHTC projects are built in highpoverty areas that already have high rates of vouchers, or whether vouchers areattracted to the neighborhood after construction of the LIHTC units. Further studieswith longitudinal data would shed light on the dynamics involved. In addition, this isunduplication of LIHTC and voucher units. Estimating a 25 percent overlap wouldreduce the number of voucher units from 119 to 67 and the total number of subsidizedunits per tract from 410 to 358. The number of units classified as LIHTC wouldremain the same at 208 units per tract. The analysis would remain the same withcluster 8 classified as highly concentrated and LIHTC and vouchers as the primarysubsidy types.97
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
Page 57 and 58: just coming on line in the 1990’s
Page 59 and 60: with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
Page 61 and 62: exclusion of these units is not pro
Page 63 and 64: Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
Page 65: projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
Page 68 and 69: Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
Page 70 and 71: Lack of household level data will l
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
Page 74 and 75: Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
Page 78 and 79: would have to be to be considered t
Page 80 and 81: mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
Page 82 and 83: Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
Page 84 and 85: TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
Page 86 and 87: unemployment rate (.427), less than
Page 88 and 89: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
Page 92 and 93: spatial sensitivity because many di
Page 94 and 95: It is possible that these census tr
Page 96 and 97: only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
Page 98 and 99: The correlation between the subsidi
Page 100 and 101: developing strategies to deconcentr
Page 102 and 103: y subsidy type. The correlation bet
Page 104 and 105: with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
Page 106 and 107: The cluster is relatively small con
Page 110 and 111: the only cluster that had a signifi
Page 112 and 113: alter the perception of public hous
Page 114 and 115: VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
Page 118 and 119: FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
Page 120 and 121: FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
Page 122 and 123: Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
Page 124 and 125: strategies. The cluster map shows t
Page 126 and 127: FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
Page 128 and 129: Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
Page 130 and 131: considered moderately concentrated
Page 132 and 133: Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
Page 134 and 135: tracts than other subsidy types it
Page 136 and 137: ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
Page 138 and 139: scale at which the impacts occur; 2
Page 140 and 141: units. Given the high cost of these
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
Page 144 and 145: Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
Page 146 and 147: Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
Page 148 and 149: Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
Page 150 and 151: Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
Page 152 and 153: Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
Page 154 and 155: Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
Page 156 and 157: Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159:
Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
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implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163:
Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
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Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
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APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
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APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
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APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
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APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
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MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
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MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
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Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
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Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
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Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
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Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
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Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
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Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD)
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Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
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Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
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Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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