The Spatial Concentration of Subsidized Housing - Poverty & Race ...

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Devine, Gray,Rubin andTaghavi (HUD) 2003 2000McClure 20041997-200250 LargestMSA'sKansasCity,MOVouchersVouchersKataria andJohnson 2004 2000 Chicago, IL VouchersFeins andPatterson 20051995-2002 U.S. VouchersExtent ofconcentration ofsubsidizedhousingEmployment andpoverty rate in thecensus tractMoving distanceand concentrationof subsidizedhousing at thecensus tract level.Poverty and raceat the census tractlevelDescriptive statistics ongeographic location of vouchersand resident characteristics.Calculation of a proportionateshare measure which compareslocation of vouchers withavailable affordable housing.Compares two samples ofvoucher recipients before andafter welfare reform. Asks ifvoucher recipients move to areaswith greater opportunities foremployment. Multivariateregression.Logit model which looks at preand post location in a section 8lottery and relocation program.Comparison of households whoresided in public housing, thosenot in public housing and MTOparticipants. Clusteringidentified by mapping,geographic clustering, distancemoved and dispersion fromcentral business district.Longitudinal study of movingbehavior of family housingvoucher recipients. Multivariateregression includingneighborhood and householdvariables.Vouchers are more widely dispersed thansite based subsidized housing. Vouchersare less dispersed in the suburbs than in thecities when location is compared to thenumber of census tracts with affordablehousing.No statistically significant changes werefound in tract employment characteristicsfor either the 1997 or 2002 voucher groups.Most residents relocate to tracts close totheir origin. There were demographicdifferences between these two groups andbetween the public housing residents in thisprogram and in the MTO also beingadministered by the same agency. Nonpublichousing residents relocated to moreadvantaged neighborhoods. Public housingresidents who were more like MTOparticipants were more likely to use thevoucher and moved farther. There wasgeographic clustering.Small but consistent tendency forsubsequent moves to lower povertyneighborhoods but the change in povertywas small (from 19.8% to 18.6%).196
Gillen 20051990-2000Philadelphia,PAVouchersReed 2007 1998 Chicago, IL Vouchers8 MSA's:New York,Baltimore,Chicago,Cincinnati,Miami,Houston,Wang and2000- Los AngelesVarady 2008 2005 and Phoenix VouchersProperty values,turnover rate, andchange of tenureat the census tractlevelNumber of HOPEVI and regularvoucher holdersat the census tractlevelExtent ofconcentration ofsubsidizedhousingAnalyzed data on 30,000vouchers and 300,000 privateproperty transactions over atwenty year period in one city.Classified section 8 into threecategories: none, low and highrates for each census tract.Estimated turnover rates.Conducted regression analysisincluding a marginal analysis ofadditional section 8 units and athreshold analysis whichdistinguishes regression resultsbetween low and high section 8census tracts.Regression analysis on HOPEVI relocation households andregular voucher-holderscontrolling for household levelcharacteristics. Data includewhich public housing projectthey moved out of."Hot Spot" geographic clusteranalysis of the spatialdistribution of housing vouchersand the changing nature of theseclusters over time. Clusters wereclassified into four typesincluding ongoing, disappearing,emerging, and non-hot spotareas.Turnover rates in areas that have highervoucher rates are significantly higher thanthe average and the higher turnover rate isassociated with price declines. Low andHigh section 8 neighborhoods had meanincomes that were similar and were half thatof no-section 8 neighborhoods. Lowsection8 neighborhoods had half thepercentage non-white than high-section 8neighborhoods.Use of vouchers in HOPE VI relocation didnot result in moves to less racially oreconomically segregated areas, however,they also did not move to areas of greaterconcentration or cause greater concentrationthrough their moves. The existing pattern ofracial and economic segregation in thehousing market was the dominant factor.There was no evidence of decentralizationof vouchers to the suburbs, vouchers areclustered and that these clusters are for themost part growing. There were differencesin voucher density and racial and ethnicmakeup of clusters in different MSA's.197
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THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF SUBSID
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I certify that I have read this dis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ...
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6.4 Summary of Cluster Analysis Res
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Table 5.2 Range of MSA Segregation
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ABSTRACTSubsidized housing has been
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONPublic housing
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Data on subsidized housing prior to
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subsidy programs in that rents are
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Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWA compreh
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from the nine matched neighborhood
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Overall, it is clear that there are
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limited the study to city vs. subur
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to the public housing, location adj
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hardship; and 2) public housing wea
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deconcentrated over time is whether
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deconcentration. In fact, a higher
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in the same neighborhood). On avera
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Concentration of Tenant-Based Subsi
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Wang, Varady and Wang (2008) studie
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from the vouchers. However, there w
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consisting of single family zones,
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early-mid 1990’s consisting of pu
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Recent studies of individual housin
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One of the criticisms of the HOPE V
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that they are smaller scale, better
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Chapter 3METHODOLOGYWhile the conce
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Data AvailabilityA limitation in th
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just coming on line in the 1990’s
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with 1,500 to 12,000 the minimum an
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exclusion of these units is not pro
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Unduplication of Subsidized UnitsDu
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projects between 35.2 and 46.6 perc
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Resulting Data for AnalysisAs a res
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Lack of household level data will l
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TABLE 4.2Mean Subsidized Housing Un
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Measures of ConcentrationThree meas
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TABLE 4.6Subsidized Units as a Perc
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would have to be to be considered t
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mean of 82 subsidized units per tra
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Subsidized Housing by Type and Pove
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TABLE 4.9Subsidized Units by Subsid
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unemployment rate (.427), less than
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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TABLE 4.12Correlation Matrix (page
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spatial sensitivity because many di
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It is possible that these census tr
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only 8 MSA’s). The segregation in
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The correlation between the subsidi
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developing strategies to deconcentr
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y subsidy type. The correlation bet
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with a poverty rate of 9.2 percent.
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The cluster is relatively small con
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Cluster 7: Other Site-Based Units -
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the only cluster that had a signifi
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alter the perception of public hous
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VouchersVoucher type tracts are dom
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TABLE 6.1Subsidized Units by Cluste
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FIGURE 6.1Percent Census Tracts by
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FIGURE 6.5Census Tract Percent Rent
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Cluster - Concentration -PovertyCen
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strategies. The cluster map shows t
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FIGURE 6.9Map of Public Housing Uni
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Cluster 1: Voucher/No Subsidized Un
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considered moderately concentrated
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Cluster Analysis ResultsThe cluster
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tracts than other subsidy types it
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ecommend efforts to reduce the leve
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scale at which the impacts occur; 2
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units. Given the high cost of these
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REFERENCESAbt Associates, I. (2006)
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Briggs, X. d. S. (Ed.). (2005). The
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Deng, L. (2007). Comparing the effe
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Ellen, I. G., & Voicu, I. (2005). N
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Galster, G. C. (2005). Consequences
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Harris, L. E. (1999). A home is mor
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Johnson, M. P. (2006). Single-perio
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Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebau
Page 158 and 159: Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does Affordab
Page 160 and 161: implementing eight consent decrees.
Page 162 and 163: Schwartz, A. (1999). New York City
Page 164 and 165: Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (200
Page 166 and 167: APPENDIX A.1Downloadable Databases
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX A.4Missing DataPublicHousi
Page 170 and 171: APPENDIX A.6Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 172 and 173: APPENDIX A.8Subsidized Housing Unit
Page 174 and 175: APPENDIX A.9Demographics by Cluster
Page 176 and 177: MSAFIPS MSA Name Population Voucher
Page 186 and 187: MSA /PMSA Code MSA / PMSA Name Popu
Page 196 and 197: Author Date Data GeographyGalster a
Page 198 and 199: Author Date Data GeographyHolloway,
Page 200 and 201: Author Date Data GeographyType ofPr
Page 202 and 203: Author Date Data GeographyMurray 19
Page 204 and 205: Author Date Data GeographyLee 20081
Page 206 and 207: Author Date Data GeographyOakley 20
Page 210 and 211: Carlson,Haveman,Kaplan andWolfe 200
Page 212 and 213: Newman andSchnare 1997Rohe andFreem
Page 214: Galster andZobel 1998Freeman andBot
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