Neural Correlates of Processing Syntax in Music and ... - PubMan

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7 Electroencephalography and Event-Related Potentials Interactions between neurons evoking current flow across cell membranes are the essence of brain activity. The direction and magnitude of current flow in a neuron depends on the neurons it communicates with. This activity may be recorded by an electrode that will detect rapid change in voltage (or potential) caused by rapid changes in current flow due to action potentials. Current flow can also observed in the vicinity of synapses. The summed activity of many synapses on many neighbouring neurons (called field potential) can be recorded by a pair of electrodes – one placed directly in neural tissue and one some distance away. Electroencephalography: Neuronal activity can also be recorded non-invasively from electrodes placed on the scalp. Such record of fluctuating potential across time is considered as an objective marker of neural activity that underlies cognitive processes, called EEG. Its amplitude is much smaller than invasively recorded field potentials because the skull and the scalp are strong electrical insulators. The EEG is mainly caused by synchronously occurring post-synaptic potentials and thought to consist of sources from numerous cerebral areas with opposite electrical poles that constantly fluctuate. Its amplitude and polarity depends on the number and the amplitude of the contributing synaptic potentials, on whether current is flowing into or out of cells (i.e., movement of positive or negative ions, excitatory or inhibitory synaptic potentials), and on the geometric relationship between the synapses and electrode (i.e., current flow toward versus away from the electrode, or both toward and away, which will lead to cancellation of the opposing signals; Nunez, 1981). Cortical pyramidal cells (particularly in layer IV and V of the cortex) dominate the EEG signal, because they are the largest and most numerous cell type, and their dendritic processes are spatially parallel to their neighbours (Elul, 1971). Such an organization leads to summation of the small electrical fields generated by each active synapse. Given the low electrical conductivity of the skull, electrical potentials recorded from the scalp must reflect the activity of large numbers of neurons, estimated 1000 to 10,000 for the smallest signals recorded. Usually, the electrodes used to measure EEG are placed at standardized positions at the scalp. Historically, the system of locating electrodes is referred to as International 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958): In this system, the electrodes are placed at sites that are placed in 10% and 20% distances from four anatomical landmarks (nasion, inion, and the perauricular points in front of the ears; see Figure 7-1). The American Electroencephalographic Society (1994) added electrode placement nomenclature guidelines that designate specific locations and identification of 75 electrode positions (see Figure 7-1, right part).
Electroencephalography and Event-Related Potentials 88 Any record of electrical potential consists of the difference between two locations, so that the polarity and spatial distribution of the EEG across the head depends on what pairs of electrodes is chosen. Typically, a single location or pair of locations that are somewhat more insulated from brain activity are used for reference. The difference of the electric potential between these electrodes and the remaining scalp electrodes is recorded. Figure 7-1 Electrode positions of the Internationational 10-20 system (left) and the extended International 10-20 system (right). Single plane projection with the location of the rolandic and the sylvian fissure. In the projections from top of the head (right) the outer circle represents the level of nasion and inion, the inner circle the temporal line of electrodes. Event-related potentials: The electrical brain activity – reflected in the EEG – may be synchronized to some external event. At the scalp an event-related potential (ERP) is substantially smaller in amplitude (5-10 μV) than the background EEG (50-100 μV) and must, therefore, be extracted by averaging. This involves recording EEG within a particular time window following the (repeated) presentations of conceptually, if not physically, similar stimuli. According to the most widely accepted model, ERPs are generated by neuronal populations that become active time-locked to the stimulus. Another view is that ERPs result from reorganizing ongoing EEG activity, that is from a process incorporating phase control (e.g., from stimulus-induced phase resetting of ongoing EEG; Makeig et al., 2002). The basic assumption of averaging these time-locked epochs is that voltage fluctuations generated by neurons, unrelated to the processing of the stimuli of interest will be random and thus cancel each other, leaving a record of eventrelated activity. The number of stimuli needed for a reliable average is, thus, a function of the amplitude of the ERP component and the question under study: the smaller the component, the more trials that are needed to extract it from the spontaneous EEG.
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Sebastian Jentschke: Neural Correla
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Gutachter der Arbeit Prof. Dr. Ange
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Table of contents 1 Introduction 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 7 Electroencep
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Abbreviations
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Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlic
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1 Introduction Language and music a
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2 Music Perception Music is one of
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Music Perception 5 to her infant re
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Music Perception 7 chronize movemen
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Music Perception 9 at 5 years of ag
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Music Perception 11 keys related by
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Music Perception 13 Krumhansl and S
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Music Perception 15 tion. The proce
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Music Perception 17 MMN paradigms m
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Music Perception 19 In a study, emp
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Music Perception 21 2001a). Janata
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3 Musical Training Performing a pie
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Musical Training 25 Deliberate prac
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Musical Training 27 them to transfe
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Musical Training 29 can be found ev
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Musical Training 31 dition (and onl
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Musical Training 33 without substan
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Musical Training 35 such studies sh
Page 56: Musical Training 37 with regard to
Page 59 and 60: Music and Language 40 Brown (2000)
Page 61 and 62: Music and Language 42 ture (for a r
Page 63 and 64: Music and Language 44 Neural constr
Page 65 and 66: Music and Language 46 pitch registe
Page 67 and 68: Music and Language 48 functions. Th
Page 69 and 70: Music and Language 50 found from ve
Page 71 and 72: Language Perception 52 cross-langua
Page 73 and 74: Language Perception 54 ing that a w
Page 75 and 76: Language Perception 56 Perceptual g
Page 77 and 78: Language Perception 58 Social const
Page 79 and 80: Language Perception 60 Syntax After
Page 81 and 82: Language Perception 62 2002; Newpor
Page 83 and 84: Language Perception 64 Complex synt
Page 85 and 86: Language Perception 66 which these
Page 87 and 88: Language Perception 68 interaction
Page 89 and 90: Language Perception 70 only disrupt
Page 91 and 92: Language Perception 72 tic structur
Page 93 and 94: Specific Language Impairment 74 ind
Page 95 and 96: Specific Language Impairment 76 6.2
Page 97 and 98: Specific Language Impairment 78 6.3
Page 99 and 100: Specific Language Impairment 80 (Be
Page 101 and 102: Specific Language Impairment 82 ply
Page 103 and 104: Specific Language Impairment 84 mis
Page 105: Specific Language Impairment 86 the
Page 109 and 110: Electroencephalography and Event-Re
Page 112: 8 Experiments I - IV: Introduction
Page 115 and 116: Experiment I 96 parents. 13 All chi
Page 117 and 118: Experiment I 98 patterns in short-t
Page 119 and 120: Experiment I 100 -1.02 μV, SEM =0.
Page 121 and 122: Experiment I 102 EAD Figure 9-3 Gra
Page 123 and 124: Experiment I 104 amplitude size of
Page 126 and 127: 10 Experiment II: Neural correlates
Page 128 and 129: Experiment II 109 Stimuli and parad
Page 130 and 131: Experiment II 111 tion of objects;
Page 132 and 133: Experiment II 113 amplitude in the
Page 134 and 135: Experiment II 115 as compared to no
Page 136 and 137: Experiment II 117 negative) amplitu
Page 138 and 139: Experiment II 119 expectancy of a r
Page 140 and 141: Experiment II 121 physical judgemen
Page 142 and 143: 11 Experiment III: Neural correlate
Page 144 and 145: Experiment III 125 periment IV - wh
Page 146 and 147: Experiment III 127 cational backgro
Page 148 and 149: Experiment III 129 due to a differe
Page 150 and 151: Experiment III 131 scalp sites. Pla
Page 152 and 153: Experiment III 133 of syntactic reg
Page 154 and 155: Experiment III 135 Even though desc
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Experiment III 137 ion than in the
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Experiment IV 140 cluded), [2] they
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Experiment IV 142 12.3 Results Coho
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Experiment IV 144 Figure 12-3 summa
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Experiment IV 146 p < 0.001). In th
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Experiment IV 148 tion cross vs. si
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Experiment IV 150 anterior: F(1,39)
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Experiment IV 152 An N5 usually fol
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13 Experiment I - IV: Development o
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Development of the Neural Correlate
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General Discussion 160 and Leonard,
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General Discussion 162 sent in the
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General Discussion 164 economic sta
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General Discussion 166 Friederici,
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General Discussion 168 year old chi
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Lists of figures and tables Figure
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References Abney, S. P. (1989). A c
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References 175 Bharucha, J. J., & S
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References 177 Brattico, E., Tervan
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References 179 Creel, S. C., Newpor
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References 181 Farrell, M. M., & Ph
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References 183 Friedrich, M., & Fri
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References 185 logie. Themenbereich
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References 187 Hoff, E., & Tian, C.
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References 189 Jones, M. R. (1982).
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References 191 Koelsch, S., & Siebe
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References 193 Leonard, L. B. (2000
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References 195 McMullen, E., & Saff
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References 197 Nobre, A. C., Coull,
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References 199 Peretz, I. (1990). P
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References 201 Roederer, J. (1984).
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References 203 Schöler, H. (2004).
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References 205 Sluming, V., Brooks,
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References 207 Thompson, W. F., Sch
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References 209 Trehub, S. E. (2003c
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References 211 Weinert, S. (1991).
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Appendix A-2 014 incorrect Das Nilp
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Appendix A-4 044 correct Der Rasen
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Appendix A-6 073 incorrect Die Medi
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Curriculum vitae Sebastian Jentschk
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Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hierm
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MPI Series in Human Cognitive and B
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32 André J. Szameitat Die Funktion
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63 Ann Pannekamp Prosodische Inform
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96 Marcel Braß Das inferior fronta
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