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Experiment III 133 of syntactic regularity, an interaction of syntactic regularity × anterior-posterior distribution, and an interaction of syntactic regularity × hemisphere × attention. This indicates a significant difference of the two experimental conditions with a prominently anterior distribution. Furthermore, the hemispheric weighting of the N5 was different for the attentive and the non-attentive part of the experiment. The same result was revealed by the user-defined contrasts: for both groups, the N5 was significant in the two anterior ROIs (left: F(1,30) = 8.08, p = 0.008; right: F(1,30) = 7.57, p = 0.010). The two subgroups did not differ in their ERP response to the regular vs. irregular chords in the N5 time range (reflected by the lack of interactions of syntactic regularity × subgroup). This result is in accordance with earlier evidence from adults (Koelsch, Schmidt et al., 2002). Table 11-2 Overview of the results of the ANOVAs used to statistically evaluate the ERP components (ERAN, N5, and LSN). These had the factors syntactic regularity (regularity), anteriorposterior distribution (region), hemisphere, attention (fixation cross vs. silent movie), and subgroup (musically trained vs. non-musically trained children). ERAN N5 LSN F(1,30) p F(1,30) p F(1,30) p regularity 43.63
Experiment III 134 0.23 μV) and larger in the right than the left hemisphere. An ANOVA revealed no other main effects or interactions with regularity, except for an interaction of regularity × anterior-posterior distribution × subgroup × attention (F(1,30) = 5.01, p = 0.033). It is difficult to account for a four-way interaction like this. However, the interaction might reflect a more strong right-lateralization in the NM group (left-anterior: M = 0.29 μV, SEM = 0.67 μV; right-anterior: M= 0.94 μV, SEM = 0.55 μV) compared to the more bilateral distribution in the MT group (left-anterior: M= 0.60 μV, SEM = 0.40 μV; right-anterior: M = 0.63 μV, SEM = 0.39 μV) which might be further modulated by the attentiveness of the children. Language experiment In adults, a phrase structure violation usually elicits an ELAN. It is a negative amplitude difference (around 150 to 200 ms after onset of the critical word) in response to the syntactically incorrect compared to correct sentences. Such an early difference was observed in both groups. However, it appeared in different time windows in the two groups: in the MT children around 100 to 200 ms, in the NM children around 200 to 300 ms. Furthermore, its amplitude was relatively small. For this reasons, this difference was not investigated. Later, sustained negativity: A later sustained negativity (LSN) in response to a violation of linguistic syntax may be found, during the time period in which the ELAN develops. It is regarded as a predecessor of the ELAN (cf. Hahne et al., 2004) and appears as a negative amplitude difference between the responses to the syntactically incorrect vs. the correct sentences (see Figure 11-2). Compared to the ELAN, it has a later onset and a more sustained time course. This difference was most prominent at the electrodes of the left-anterior ROI (M = -1.58 μV, SEM = 0.46 μV), slightly smaller in the rightanterior ROI (M = -1.36 μV, SEM = 0.28 μV), i.e. it was distributed relatively bilaterally in the anterior ROIs. In the posterior ROIs, almost no difference was found (left: M = 0.18 μV, SEM = 0.25 μV; right: M= -0.18 μV, SEM = 0.30 μV). The amplitude size of this component was similar in both groups whereas the lateralization differed: In the MT group a slightly right lateralization was observed, with a larger amplitude in the right-anterior (M = -1.67 μV, SEM = 0.38 μV) compared to the left-anterior ROI (M = -1.25 μV, SEM = 0.54 μV). In contrast, in the NM group the response was larger at the left (M = -1.90 μV, SEM = 0.78 μV) compared to the right hemisphere (M = -1.06 μV, SEM = 0.40 μV). This different hemispheric weighting can also be observed in the scalp topographies for the LSN (see Figure 11-3): The LSN is more focused to the leftanterior scalp sites in the NM group, and more broadly distributed in the MT group (with a maximum over right-frontal ROIs that extends to the left hemisphere).
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Sebastian Jentschke: Neural Correla
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Gutachter der Arbeit Prof. Dr. Ange
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Table of contents 1 Introduction 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 7 Electroencep
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Abbreviations
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Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlic
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1 Introduction Language and music a
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2 Music Perception Music is one of
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Music Perception 5 to her infant re
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Music Perception 7 chronize movemen
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Music Perception 9 at 5 years of ag
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Music Perception 11 keys related by
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Music Perception 13 Krumhansl and S
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Music Perception 15 tion. The proce
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Music Perception 17 MMN paradigms m
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Music Perception 19 In a study, emp
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Music Perception 21 2001a). Janata
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3 Musical Training Performing a pie
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Musical Training 25 Deliberate prac
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Musical Training 27 them to transfe
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Musical Training 29 can be found ev
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Musical Training 31 dition (and onl
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Musical Training 33 without substan
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Musical Training 35 such studies sh
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Musical Training 37 with regard to
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Music and Language 40 Brown (2000)
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Music and Language 42 ture (for a r
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Music and Language 44 Neural constr
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Music and Language 46 pitch registe
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Music and Language 48 functions. Th
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Music and Language 50 found from ve
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Language Perception 52 cross-langua
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Language Perception 54 ing that a w
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Language Perception 56 Perceptual g
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Language Perception 58 Social const
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Language Perception 60 Syntax After
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Language Perception 62 2002; Newpor
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Language Perception 64 Complex synt
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Language Perception 66 which these
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Language Perception 68 interaction
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Language Perception 70 only disrupt
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Language Perception 72 tic structur
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Specific Language Impairment 74 ind
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Specific Language Impairment 76 6.2
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Specific Language Impairment 78 6.3
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Specific Language Impairment 80 (Be
Page 101 and 102: Specific Language Impairment 82 ply
Page 103 and 104: Specific Language Impairment 84 mis
Page 105 and 106: Specific Language Impairment 86 the
Page 107 and 108: Electroencephalography and Event-Re
Page 109 and 110: Electroencephalography and Event-Re
Page 112: 8 Experiments I - IV: Introduction
Page 115 and 116: Experiment I 96 parents. 13 All chi
Page 117 and 118: Experiment I 98 patterns in short-t
Page 119 and 120: Experiment I 100 -1.02 μV, SEM =0.
Page 121 and 122: Experiment I 102 EAD Figure 9-3 Gra
Page 123 and 124: Experiment I 104 amplitude size of
Page 126 and 127: 10 Experiment II: Neural correlates
Page 128 and 129: Experiment II 109 Stimuli and parad
Page 130 and 131: Experiment II 111 tion of objects;
Page 132 and 133: Experiment II 113 amplitude in the
Page 134 and 135: Experiment II 115 as compared to no
Page 136 and 137: Experiment II 117 negative) amplitu
Page 138 and 139: Experiment II 119 expectancy of a r
Page 140 and 141: Experiment II 121 physical judgemen
Page 142 and 143: 11 Experiment III: Neural correlate
Page 144 and 145: Experiment III 125 periment IV - wh
Page 146 and 147: Experiment III 127 cational backgro
Page 148 and 149: Experiment III 129 due to a differe
Page 150 and 151: Experiment III 131 scalp sites. Pla
Page 154 and 155: Experiment III 135 Even though desc
Page 156: Experiment III 137 ion than in the
Page 159 and 160: Experiment IV 140 cluded), [2] they
Page 161 and 162: Experiment IV 142 12.3 Results Coho
Page 163 and 164: Experiment IV 144 Figure 12-3 summa
Page 165 and 166: Experiment IV 146 p < 0.001). In th
Page 167 and 168: Experiment IV 148 tion cross vs. si
Page 169 and 170: Experiment IV 150 anterior: F(1,39)
Page 171 and 172: Experiment IV 152 An N5 usually fol
Page 174 and 175: 13 Experiment I - IV: Development o
Page 176: Development of the Neural Correlate
Page 179 and 180: General Discussion 160 and Leonard,
Page 181 and 182: General Discussion 162 sent in the
Page 183 and 184: General Discussion 164 economic sta
Page 185 and 186: General Discussion 166 Friederici,
Page 187 and 188: General Discussion 168 year old chi
Page 190 and 191: Lists of figures and tables Figure
Page 192 and 193: References Abney, S. P. (1989). A c
Page 194 and 195: References 175 Bharucha, J. J., & S
Page 196 and 197: References 177 Brattico, E., Tervan
Page 198 and 199: References 179 Creel, S. C., Newpor
Page 200 and 201: References 181 Farrell, M. M., & Ph
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References 183 Friedrich, M., & Fri
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References 185 logie. Themenbereich
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References 187 Hoff, E., & Tian, C.
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References 189 Jones, M. R. (1982).
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References 191 Koelsch, S., & Siebe
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References 193 Leonard, L. B. (2000
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References 195 McMullen, E., & Saff
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References 197 Nobre, A. C., Coull,
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References 199 Peretz, I. (1990). P
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References 201 Roederer, J. (1984).
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References 203 Schöler, H. (2004).
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References 205 Sluming, V., Brooks,
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References 207 Thompson, W. F., Sch
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References 209 Trehub, S. E. (2003c
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References 211 Weinert, S. (1991).
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Appendix A-2 014 incorrect Das Nilp
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Appendix A-4 044 correct Der Rasen
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Appendix A-6 073 incorrect Die Medi
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Curriculum vitae Sebastian Jentschk
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Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hierm
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MPI Series in Human Cognitive and B
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32 André J. Szameitat Die Funktion
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63 Ann Pannekamp Prosodische Inform
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96 Marcel Braß Das inferior fronta
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