Neural Correlates of Processing Syntax in Music and ... - PubMan

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Music and Language 47 (words). Words in sentences are rather hierarchically structured whereas musical tones and chords are rather linked by probabilistic dependencies. The regularities in language are stricter in order to allow for a clear transmission of semantic messages. That is, in music the structural rules seem to be much less rigid than syntactic and even prosodic rules in speech and one may, thus, more readily violate syntactic conventions for structural or aesthetic reasons (Sloboda, 1991). Nonetheless, there may be an even larger amount of similarity: Both, music and language, crucially depend on integration and memory when perceiving the structural relations between elements. Predictability is based on knowledge of either what word categories are required to complete a sentential phrase, or what tone or chord could be appropriately follow in the actual musical phrase. Integration is the other side of prediction: each new word or tone has to be integrated within the current structure while integration costs increase with the distance between the current element and prior dependent elements. These ideas are elaborated by Patel (2003) proposing a “shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis” (SSIR). He assumed an overlap in the operations and their neural correlates that provide syntactic integration. More specifically, he proposed that frontal regions supply the resources for computations whereas the representation of syntactic regularities may reside in posterior regions. In accordance with this assumption, the processing of musical and linguistic syntax was demonstrated to take place in rather anterior brain regions. In these regions, the sources of the ELAN (early left anterior negativity) and the ERAN (early right anterior negativity) were localized. The sources of the P600 (and the LPC in music), proposed to reflect processes of syntactic integration are assumed to be generated in posterior representation regions. These late positivities in response to the structurally incongruous elements in language and music were observed to have comparable amplitude sizes and scalp distributions (Patel, Gibson et al., 1998). Some studies provided evidence for Patel’s SSIR hypothesis: Patel, Iversen, and Hagoort (2004) showed that Broca’s aphasics are lacking of the facilitative effect of harmonic priming (i.e., of a strong music-structural relationship of context and target), indicating that their syntactic processing of both language and music is impaired. Interference effects were expected for tasks that combine linguistic- and music-syntactic processing. Koelsch, Gunter, Wittfoth, and Sammler (2005) presented synchronously music-syntactically regular and irregular chord functions and syntactically correct or incorrect words. Music-syntactically irregular chords elicited an ERAN. Syntactically incorrect words elicited a left anterior negativity (LAN) which was clearly reduced when words were presented simultaneously with music-syntactically irregular chord
Music and Language 48 functions. This indicates an interaction of music-syntactic and of linguistic-syntactic processing and a strong overlap in the involved neural resources. Taken together, there is considerable evidence for shared neural correlates underlying the processing of linguistic and musical syntax. Specifically, the ERP components in response to a violation of musical (ERAN) and linguistic syntax (ELAN) share a number of characteristics. Functionally, both, ERAN and ELAN, are taken to reflect a violation of expectancies concerning syntactic regularities (cf. Hahne & Friederici, 1999; Koelsch et al., 2000), based on contextually independent, automatic structure-building processes. Further, they are comparable with respect to polarity (both are negativities most prominent over frontal leads), and latency (with a maximum amplitude size around 150 to 200 ms after stimulus onset). They differ, however, slightly in their hemispheric weighting with a predominant left lateralization for linguistic syntax and a mainly right lateralization for musical syntax. There is some evidence to suggest that both, ERAN and ELAN, are, at least partly, generated in the same brain regions (especially inferior and lateral parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and in the anterior superior temporal gyrus). This view is strengthened by findings of a MEG experiment localizing the sources of the ELAN in inferior frontal as well as anterior temporal areas (Friederici, Wang, Herrmann, Maess, & Oertel, 2000). The direct involvement of this area into the generation of the ELAN was also demonstrated in patients with left anterior cortical lesions (Friederici, Hahne, & von Cramon, 1998; Friederici & Kotz, 2003; Friederici, von Cramon, & Kotz, 1999). Likewise, the sources of the ERAN were localized in the IFG (Maess et al., 2001) with additional contribution of the anterior superior temporal gyrus (Koelsch, personal communication). In the same vein, fMRI evidence demonstrates an overlap in the neural substrates when processing musical and linguistic syntax: The IFG was activated during the processing of musical syntax (Koelsch, Fritz et al., 2005; Koelsch, Gunter et al., 2002; Tillmann, Janata, & Bharucha, 2003; Tillmann et al., 2006) as well as for linguistic syntax (Caplan, Alpert, & Waters, 1998; Friederici, Meyer, & von Cramon, 2000; Friederici, Opitz, & von Cramon, 2000; Friederici, Rüschemeyer, Hahne, & Fiebach, 2003; Just, Carpenter, Keller, Eddy, & Thulborn, 1996; Stromswold, Caplan, Alpert, & Rauch, 1996). Activation in the IFG (BA 44 / 45) was also found for violations of the learned syntactic rules of an artificial grammar (Friederici, Bahlmann, Heim, Schubotz, & Anwander, 2006; Opitz & Friederici, 2003). Similarly, the contribution of temporal regions to the processing of linguistic syntax is documented by fMRI experiments (Friederici et al., 2003; M. Meyer, Friederici, & von Cramon, 2000) and lesion studies (Friederici & Kotz, 2003).
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Sebastian Jentschke: Neural Correla
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Gutachter der Arbeit Prof. Dr. Ange
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Table of contents 1 Introduction 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 7 Electroencep
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Abbreviations
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Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlic
Page 15 and 16: Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlic
Page 17 and 18: Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlic
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction Language and music a
Page 22 and 23: 2 Music Perception Music is one of
Page 24 and 25: Music Perception 5 to her infant re
Page 26 and 27: Music Perception 7 chronize movemen
Page 28 and 29: Music Perception 9 at 5 years of ag
Page 30 and 31: Music Perception 11 keys related by
Page 32 and 33: Music Perception 13 Krumhansl and S
Page 34 and 35: Music Perception 15 tion. The proce
Page 36 and 37: Music Perception 17 MMN paradigms m
Page 38 and 39: Music Perception 19 In a study, emp
Page 40 and 41: Music Perception 21 2001a). Janata
Page 42 and 43: 3 Musical Training Performing a pie
Page 44 and 45: Musical Training 25 Deliberate prac
Page 46 and 47: Musical Training 27 them to transfe
Page 48 and 49: Musical Training 29 can be found ev
Page 50 and 51: Musical Training 31 dition (and onl
Page 52 and 53: Musical Training 33 without substan
Page 54 and 55: Musical Training 35 such studies sh
Page 56: Musical Training 37 with regard to
Page 59 and 60: Music and Language 40 Brown (2000)
Page 61 and 62: Music and Language 42 ture (for a r
Page 63 and 64: Music and Language 44 Neural constr
Page 65: Music and Language 46 pitch registe
Page 69 and 70: Music and Language 50 found from ve
Page 71 and 72: Language Perception 52 cross-langua
Page 73 and 74: Language Perception 54 ing that a w
Page 75 and 76: Language Perception 56 Perceptual g
Page 77 and 78: Language Perception 58 Social const
Page 79 and 80: Language Perception 60 Syntax After
Page 81 and 82: Language Perception 62 2002; Newpor
Page 83 and 84: Language Perception 64 Complex synt
Page 85 and 86: Language Perception 66 which these
Page 87 and 88: Language Perception 68 interaction
Page 89 and 90: Language Perception 70 only disrupt
Page 91 and 92: Language Perception 72 tic structur
Page 93 and 94: Specific Language Impairment 74 ind
Page 95 and 96: Specific Language Impairment 76 6.2
Page 97 and 98: Specific Language Impairment 78 6.3
Page 99 and 100: Specific Language Impairment 80 (Be
Page 101 and 102: Specific Language Impairment 82 ply
Page 103 and 104: Specific Language Impairment 84 mis
Page 105 and 106: Specific Language Impairment 86 the
Page 107 and 108: Electroencephalography and Event-Re
Page 109 and 110: Electroencephalography and Event-Re
Page 112: 8 Experiments I - IV: Introduction
Page 115 and 116: Experiment I 96 parents. 13 All chi
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Experiment I 98 patterns in short-t
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Experiment I 100 -1.02 μV, SEM =0.
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Experiment I 102 EAD Figure 9-3 Gra
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Experiment I 104 amplitude size of
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10 Experiment II: Neural correlates
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Experiment II 109 Stimuli and parad
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Experiment II 111 tion of objects;
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Experiment II 113 amplitude in the
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Experiment II 115 as compared to no
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Experiment II 117 negative) amplitu
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Experiment II 119 expectancy of a r
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Experiment II 121 physical judgemen
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11 Experiment III: Neural correlate
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Experiment III 125 periment IV - wh
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Experiment III 127 cational backgro
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Experiment III 129 due to a differe
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Experiment III 131 scalp sites. Pla
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Experiment III 133 of syntactic reg
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Experiment III 135 Even though desc
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Experiment III 137 ion than in the
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Experiment IV 140 cluded), [2] they
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Experiment IV 142 12.3 Results Coho
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Experiment IV 144 Figure 12-3 summa
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Experiment IV 146 p < 0.001). In th
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Experiment IV 148 tion cross vs. si
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Experiment IV 150 anterior: F(1,39)
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Experiment IV 152 An N5 usually fol
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13 Experiment I - IV: Development o
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Development of the Neural Correlate
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General Discussion 160 and Leonard,
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General Discussion 162 sent in the
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General Discussion 164 economic sta
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General Discussion 166 Friederici,
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General Discussion 168 year old chi
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Lists of figures and tables Figure
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References Abney, S. P. (1989). A c
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References 175 Bharucha, J. J., & S
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References 177 Brattico, E., Tervan
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References 179 Creel, S. C., Newpor
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References 181 Farrell, M. M., & Ph
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References 183 Friedrich, M., & Fri
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References 185 logie. Themenbereich
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References 187 Hoff, E., & Tian, C.
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References 189 Jones, M. R. (1982).
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References 191 Koelsch, S., & Siebe
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References 193 Leonard, L. B. (2000
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References 195 McMullen, E., & Saff
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References 197 Nobre, A. C., Coull,
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References 199 Peretz, I. (1990). P
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References 201 Roederer, J. (1984).
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References 203 Schöler, H. (2004).
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References 205 Sluming, V., Brooks,
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References 207 Thompson, W. F., Sch
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References 209 Trehub, S. E. (2003c
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References 211 Weinert, S. (1991).
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Appendix A-2 014 incorrect Das Nilp
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Appendix A-4 044 correct Der Rasen
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Appendix A-6 073 incorrect Die Medi
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Curriculum vitae Sebastian Jentschk
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Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hierm
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MPI Series in Human Cognitive and B
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32 André J. Szameitat Die Funktion
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63 Ann Pannekamp Prosodische Inform
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96 Marcel Braß Das inferior fronta
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